A pressure measuring device/system that is capable of measuring the pressures of multiple systems in an automobile, including fuel pressure, power steering, engine oil pressure, transmission oil pressure, compression, diesel compression, high pressure oil systems, and diesel fuel pressure, and is capable of displaying and/or recording the measured pressure values. An onboard digital display receives a series of signals from a transducer and displays the series of signals as at least one of a digital needle gauge and a live graph display, and selectively displays the series of signals in a chart with one axis of said chart comprising said signal and another axis of said chart comprising time.

A piston ring is used for a reciprocating compressor. In the piston ring, polytetrafluoroethylene and polyetheretherketone or polyimide account for 50% or more by mass in total. The piston ring does not contain polyphenylene sulfide. The piston ring has a tensile strength within a range of more than 15 MPa and less than 100 MPa.

A knocking sensor detecting vibration of an engine body and a pressure sensor detecting a pressure of a combustion chamber are provided. A value representing the knocking strength is acquired from output values of the pressure sensor. Weights of a neural network are learned using a value representing the vibration of the engine body detected by the knocking sensor as an input value of the neural network and using the acquired value representing the knocking strength as training data. The value representing the knocking strength is estimated from the output values of the knocking sensor by using the learned neural network.

A cylinder liner for an internal combustion engine is formed of cylindrical liner body having an interior cavity with a cylindrical inner surface, a sensor embedded in the cylindrical liner body and being configured for sensing a physical condition on the cylindrical inner surface, and a transmitter connected to the cylindrical liner body at a position remote from the sensor. A connecting wire connects the transmitter to the sensor, and is embedded in in the cylindrical liner body. The sensor is located in an upper portion of the cylindrical liner body and the transmitter is located directly below the sensor, such that the wire runs vertically. The transmitter can send information obtained by the sensor to a remote processor for calculating various operating states of the liner.

A rapid compression machine (RCM) employs an electrical drive to move a piston disposed within a chamber housing. The electrical drive converts electrical power into linear motion of the piston, for example, to compress contents in a reaction chamber defined by the chamber housing and the piston. The temperature and pressure changes induced by the compression can cause reaction of contents within the chamber, for example, autoignition of the contents. The RCM can thus be used to study chemical kinetics. In some embodiments, the electrical drive can also rapidly move the piston in reverse to expand a volume of the reaction chamber, for example, to quench the compression-induced reaction therein. In such embodiments, the RCM may be considered a rapid compression-expansion machine (RCEM) and can be used for speciation studies.

A rapid compression machine (RCM) employs an electrical drive to move a piston disposed within a chamber housing. The electrical drive converts electrical power into linear motion of the piston, for example, to compress contents in a reaction chamber defined by the chamber housing and the piston. The temperature and pressure changes induced by the compression can cause reaction of contents within the chamber, for example, autoignition of the contents. The RCM can thus be used to study chemical kinetics. In some embodiments, the electrical drive can also rapidly move the piston in reverse to expand a volume of the reaction chamber, for example, to quench the compression-induced reaction therein. In such embodiments, the RCM may be considered a rapid compression-expansion machine (RCEM) and can be used for speciation studies.

The aim of the invention is to economically produce a pressure measuring sensor element, and relates, according to one aspect, to a method for producing a pressure sensor measuring element for a pressure sensor which comprises at least one membrane and a covering protecting the membrane, the pressure sensor element being produced in a layer-by-layer generative production method. This makes it possible to, for example, easily construct a combination sensor for detecting pressure and an additional parameter. It is also possible to structures for reinforcement or for influencing resonant frequency or for influencing heat conduction.

The aim of the invention is to economically produce a pressure measuring sensor element, and relates, according to one aspect, to a method for producing a pressure sensor measuring element for a pressure sensor which comprises at least one membrane and a covering protecting the membrane, the pressure sensor element being produced in a layer-by-layer generative production method. This makes it possible to, for example, easily construct a combination sensor for detecting pressure and an additional parameter. It is also possible to structures for reinforcement or for influencing resonant frequency or for influencing heat conduction.

A method for evaluating the compression of the cylinders of an internal combustion engine of a vehicle having an electric starter motor and a respective starting battery, comprising: start capturing the battery voltage signal when the starter motor stars to rotate the internal-combustion engine so as to initiate operation of the engine under its own power; cease capturing the battery voltage signal when the engine enters operation under its own power; process the captured voltage signal for the location of local minimums; calculate the time difference between consecutive local minimums; detect if there is a variation of time between the calculated differences higher than a predetermined threshold between any said calculated time differences; and, if there is such variation, signal a potential engine malfunction. Also provided is a device for accomplishing the foregoing.

A method for evaluating the compression of the cylinders of an internal combustion engine of a vehicle having an electric starter motor and a respective starting battery, comprising: start capturing the battery voltage signal when the starter motor stars to rotate the internal-combustion engine so as to initiate operation of the engine under its own power; cease capturing the battery voltage signal when the engine enters operation under its own power; process the captured voltage signal for the location of local minimums; calculate the time difference between consecutive local minimums; detect if there is a variation of time between the calculated differences higher than a predetermined threshold between any said calculated time differences; and, if there is such variation, signal a potential engine malfunction. Also provided is a device for accomplishing the foregoing.