A soot sensing system includes a soot sensor having a first element, and circuitry to an amount of soot accumulated on the element and to control heating of the element in response to the soot accumulation. An electrostatic repelling voltage (ERV) may be applied to a sensor/heater element(s) during a contamination prevention mode (CPM) to repel ash and reduce contamination of the sensor. A pulsed heating voltage (PHV) may be applied to the elements during the CPM and a pulsed ERV may be applied to the elements during the “off” period of the PHV. All voltage to the elements may be turned off during the CPM and the elements may be floating/ground. A PHV may be applied to the elements during the CPM and no voltage may be applied to the elements during the “off” period of the PHV. A heating voltage may be applied to the elements during a CPM corresponding to a cold start.

A maritime sulfur dioxide emissions switch monitoring system has an emissions sampling apparatus that is self-powered and requires a low power for operation. The emissions sampling apparatus has sensitive and selective chemical sensing technology capable of quantification of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide. Relative humidity, temperature and pressure sensors, in addition to sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide are used for monitoring the exhaust gas. Filters are used to eliminate solid and liquid aerosolized components in marine engine exhaust.

The aerosol diluting apparatus includes a first diluting unit to provide a first modified sample flow by combining an aerosol sample flow with a first diluting gas flow, an ejector unit to draw the first modified sample flow from the first diluting unit to the ejector unit and to provide a second modified sample flow by mixing a second dilution gas flow with the first modified sample flow, a control unit, and a control valve, wherein the control unit and the control valve are arranged to adjust flow rate of the second dilution gas flow according to an inlet pressure of the aerosol sample flow, so as to keep the dilution factor of the diluting apparatus substantially independent of the inlet pressure.

The present invention is applied to an exhaust system provided with a three-way catalyst and a NOx catalyst which are provided in an exhaust passage of an engine and to which sulfur components in exhaust adhere and release the attached sulfur components by rich components in exhaust, and NOx sensors provided downstream of the catalysts. The NOx sensor is a limiting current type sensor. It is determined whether a sulfur release state is present in which a sulfur component is released from the three-way catalyst and the NOx catalyst. When it is determined that it is in the state of sulfur release, reaction suppression processing for suppressing the reaction between oxygen and sulfur components in the pump cell electrodes and the monitor cell electrodes of the NOx sensors is performed.

A gas sensor (100) extending in an axial direction AX including: a gas sensor element (120) which detects the concentration of a specific gas in a gas under measurement; a tubular metallic shell (110) having a polygonal tool engagement portion (110B) surrounding the gas sensor element (120); a tubular outer tube (103) which extends rearward from the metallic shell (110), surrounds the gas sensor element (120), and has an opening (103E) at a rear end thereof; a sealing member (191) which seals the opening (103E); and a tubular heat dissipating member (104) which surrounds the outer tube (103) and reduces the amount of heat transferred from the forward end side of the gas sensor (100) through the outer tube (103) to the sealing member (191). The maximum diameter D1 of the heat dissipating member (104) is equal to or less than the opposite side dimension D2 of the tool engagement portion (110B).

A method and arrangement for ascertaining an amount of substance emitted as a result of the operation of a functional unit of a vehicle includes transmitting signals from a signal source, which are generated independently of the amount of substance to be ascertained, as input data, to a data processing apparatus. The data processing apparatus contains at least one neural network as a trained model for processing the input data. The method includes generating output data representing the emitted amount of substance in the data processing apparatus using the at least one neural network.

Methods and systems are provided for pinpointing a source of degradation in a vehicle engine system. In one example, a method includes spinning an engine of a vehicle unfueled in a forward and a reverse direction, in no particular order, and recording a first intake air flow and a second intake air flow, respectively, in an intake of the engine, and where the source of degradation is indicated as a function of both the first air flow and the second air flow. In this way, the degradation of the vehicle engine system may be pinpointed as to being located in the intake manifold, the exhaust system, or the engine.

This invention relates to exhaust replication systems and methods, such as systems for testing automotive exhaust aftertreatment devices. More particularly, methods for steady state and transient generation and flow of NO.sub.2 and/or NO from a fluid such as nitric acid for introduction into the burner-based exhaust replication system.

This invention relates to exhaust replication systems and methods, such as systems for testing automotive exhaust aftertreatment devices. More particularly, methods for steady state and transient generation and flow of NO.sub.2 and/or NO from a fluid such as nitric acid for introduction into the burner-based exhaust replication system.

A method for diagnosing the dynamics of a sensor in the fresh air or exhaust gas tract of internal combustion engines, as well as a computer program, a computer program product and a corresponding vehicle. It is provided that a corresponding sensor for measuring a pressure signal in the fresh air or exhaust gas tract of an internal combustion engine of a vehicle, which is coupled with a control and computing unit, is checked with respect to its dynamic characteristics. Measured values of differing frequency ranges are measured, these being used as the basis for a calculation of a characteristic. After the calculation, the characteristic is compared with a threshold value stored in a user-defined manner in the control and computing unit. If the calculated characteristic deviates from the threshold value, at least one triggering signal is triggered, so that an impaired sensor dynamic of the sensor is displayed.