A pollution estimation system (100) for estimating pollution level caused by exhaust gas of motor vehicles is provided. The system comprises an acoustic sensor interface (110) arranged to obtain use-data from an acoustic sensor comprising an audio sample of a motor vehicle sound and a trained exhaust gas model unit (120) arranged to receive as input the audio sample of the use-data and to apply a trained exhaust gas model to the received audio sample to produce an estimated pollution level associated with the received audio sample. The trained exhaust gas model has been obtained by training an exhaust gas model on multiple training items using a machine learning algorithm, the multiple training items comprising multiple audio samples of motor vehicle sounds obtained from one or more acoustic sensors and associated pollution levels.

An exhaust sensor module assembly has a sensor module and a shield. The shield is shaped to receive the module. The shield has a first mounting leg and a first flange extending from a first end of a base plate, and a second mounting leg and a second flange extending from a second end of the base plate. The shield is rotationally symmetric about an axis extending through and normal to the base plate.

A verification system includes a reference gas supply part that supplies reference gas in place of exhaust gas and is configured to be able to verify the consistency between a supply amount of the reference gas from the reference gas supply part and a measured value of the reference gas measured by an analyzer. The verification system further includes a control part that receives a setting flow rate signal that is a signal indicating a setting flow rate and an analysis range signal that is a signal indicating an analysis range of the analyzer, calculates a target supply amount of the reference gas on the basis of the setting flow rate and the analysis range indicated by the respective signals, and controls the reference gas supply part so as to make the reference gas supply amount by the reference gas supply part equal to the target supply amount.

A method comprising adjusting a fuel injection amount based on a fractional oxidation state of a catalyst, the fractional oxidation state based on reaction rates of grouped oxidant and reductant exhaust gas species throughout a catalyst and a low-dimensional physics-based model derived from a detailed two-dimensional model to obtain a one-dimensional model averaged over time and space that accounts for diffusion limitations in the washcoat and accurately predicts emissions during cold start.

In a gas sensor, not only a tube 70 covers lead wires 48, but also the tube 70 covers an outer peripheral surface of an end portion of an outer cylinder 46 including an open end 46a. A portion of the outer peripheral surface of the outer cylinder 46 covered with the tube 70 is gripped by a clamp 80. Thus, the clamp 80 integrally grips the tube 70 and the outer cylinder 46. Moreover, the tube 70 protrudes from the clamp 80 to a side of the outer cylinder 46 opposite from the open end 46a (protrusion amount L>0). Further, the open end 46a of the outer cylinder 46 forms a large-diameter portion whose outer diameter is larger than an inner diameter D1 of the clamp 80.

The gas sensor is equipped with a sensor device, a plurality of electrode springs contacting with electrodes and of the sensor device, an insulator retaining the electrode springs, and a plurality of leads connected to the respective electrode springs. Each of the electrode springs includes a retained portion retained by the insulator and a contact portion which is bent and inclined from the retained portion toward a front end side of the sensor device in the lengthwise direction. The contact portion is elastically deformed in contact with the electrode. Each of the electrode springs also includes a bent portion between the contact portion and the retained portion. The bent portion constitutes a base end of the contact portion and is oriented toward the base end side of the gas sensor in the lengthwise direction, thereby enabling the length of the sensor device to be decreased and improving the heat resistance of the electrode springs.

A system and method are provided for estimating an operating parameter of an exhaust manifold of an engine. In the system, a flow value is determined that corresponds to a flow rate of exhaust gas through an EGR conduit fluidly coupled between the exhaust manifold and the intake manifold. The EGR conduit includes an exhaust gas cooler disposed in-line with the EGR conduit and a property of the exhaust gas exiting an exhaust gas outlet of the cooler is measured. The operating parameter of the exhaust manifold is estimated as a function of at least the flow value and the property of the exhaust gas exiting the exhaust gas outlet of the cooler. Illustratively, the operating parameter of the exhaust manifold may be exhaust manifold pressure and/or temperature.

A method is provided for detecting fuel discharge from a lubricant in a housing of an internal combustion engine. A first lambda deviation is measured by a lambda sensor for a first mass air flow supplied in an intake tract of the engine. A second lambda deviation is measured by the lambda sensor for a second mass air flow that differs from the first mass air flow, and is supplied in an intake tract of the engine. An actual comparative value is calculated from the measured first and second lambda deviations. A desired comparative value indicative of the fuel discharge is calculated from a first desired lambda deviation for the first mass air flow, and a second desired lambda deviation is calculated for the second mass air flow. The fuel discharge is detected based on a comparison of the actual comparative value and the desired comparative value.

Systems and methods are described for sensing particulate matter in an exhaust system of a vehicle. An example system comprises a first outer tube with a plurality of intake apertures on an upstream surface, a second inner tube with a plurality of intake apertures on a downstream surface, and a particulate matter sensor placed within the second inner tube. The second inner tube may be positioned within the first outer tube such that a central axis of the second inner tube is parallel to a central axis of the first outer tube.

Provided is a method for accurately diagnosing a degree of degradation of an oxidation catalyst. A target gas detecting element configured to output an electromotive force corresponding to a concentration of a target gas is provided downstream of a catalyst in an exhaust path of an internal combustion engine. A sum of change amounts of an electromotive force in a time-variable profile thereof after the introduction of a gas atmosphere for diagnosis into the catalyst is set as a diagnosis index value. The gas atmosphere has been intentionally created in the engine and includes a target gas having a concentration higher than the concentration of a target gas during a steady operation state of the engine. The index value is then compared with a threshold corresponding to the temperature of the catalyst to diagnosis whether degradation exceeding an acceptable degree has occurred in the catalyst.