Embodiments of the present disclosure include a method including receiving first impact data. The method includes receiving second impact data. The method includes applying a first filter to both the first impact data and the second impact data. The method includes applying a second filter to both the first impact data and the second impact data. Filtering includes time and frequency based discriminating filter to isolate specific signatures that representatively indicate impact signatures generated by the sand on the interrogator. The method includes comparing the first impact data and the second impact data for corresponding signatures. The method includes identifying a corresponding signature in both the first impact data and the second impact data. The method includes determining the corresponding signature meets a threshold criterion. The method includes determining one or more particulate properties based at least in part on the corresponding peak.

A system for processing a sample includes a chamber having at least one inlet and at least one outlet, where the chamber is configured to accommodate flow of the sample from the at least one inlet toward the at least one outlet, and an imager array configured to image the flow of the sample in the chamber, where the imager array includes at least one lensless image sensor configurable opposite at least one light source.

A system for processing a sample includes a chamber having at least one inlet and at least one outlet, where the chamber is configured to accommodate flow of the sample from the at least one inlet toward the at least one outlet, and an imager array configured to image the flow of the sample in the chamber, where the imager array includes at least one lensless image sensor configurable opposite at least one light source.

An observation apparatus includes: an area calculation unit that calculates a colony area based on an image in which a cell colony is captured; a cell number calculation unit that calculates, based on the image, the number of cells included in a target colony of which an area is calculated by the area calculation unit; and a density calculation unit that calculates, based on the area of the target colony calculated by the area calculation unit and the number of the cells included in the target colony calculated by the cell number calculation unit, a density of the cells included in the target colony.

A control unit (6) estimates an output value of a PM sensor (S2) located at a downstream side of a DPF used as a reference filter, and detects whether the estimated output value exceeds a predetermined value (S3). When the estimated output value exceeds the predetermined value (YES in S3), the control unit detects an output value of the PM sensor (S4), and a heater heats the PM sensor (S5). The control unit detects an output value of the PM sensor (S6) after the PM sensor is heated, and calculates a change ratio of the output values of the PM sensor before and after heating (S7). The control unit estimates an average particle size of PM based on the calculated change ratio (S8), and detects whether the DPF has failed based on a comparison result of a corrected output value of the PM sensor with a threshold value.

The present invention is drawn to methods and systems for using in-line near infrared spectroscopy to determine the physical parameters of a comminuted product.

The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for measuring the properties of a liquid that exploit the power modulation a laser light beam undergoes due to the retro-reflection of the laser light beam itself towards the laser cavity from which the laser is generated when this laser light is directed towards a transparent conduit through which the liquid for which the properties are to be measured flows.

According to the invention this power modulation is detected by at least one photodiode arranged downstream of the transparent conduit.

Systems and methods for characterizing a plurality of particles suspended in a solution are described. In some embodiments, an ultrasonic interrogation signal may be emitted into a solution including a plurality of particles suspended in the solution. A resulting ultrasonic spectrum may be sensed and provided to a trained statistical model of the solution. The trained statistical model may then determine one or more properties of the plurality of particles.

Apparatus and associated methods relate to determining a size and/or density of Super-cooled Large Droplets (SLDs) in a cloud atmosphere by comparing detected optical signals reflected from small and large sampling volumes of a cloud atmosphere. In some embodiments, an optical pulse is generated and divergently projected from a first optical fiber. A collimating lens is aligned within the divergently projected optical pulse collimating a portion thereof. The collimated and uncollimated portions of the optical pulse are projected into the small and large sampling volumes of the cloud atmosphere, respectively. The ratio of the collimated to the uncollimated portions can be optically controlled. Signals corresponding to optical pulses having different collimated/uncollimated ratios are backscattered by the cloud atmosphere, detected and compared to one another. A processor is configured to calculate, based on scintillation spike differences between the optical pulses of different collimated/uncollimated ratios, a size and/or density of SLDs.

This application discloses a method of using an apparatus comprising a processor to determine a diffusion coefficient (D) of a solute in a solution flowing in a capillary. The method includes obtaining a first signal comprising a plurality of measurements of solute concentration measured at a first measurement location corresponding with a first mean measurement time that is before a full dispersion condition is met; obtaining a second signal comprising a plurality of measurements of solute concentration measured at a second measurement location corresponding with a second mean measurement time that is after the first mean measurement time and before a full dispersion condition is met; calculating an actual front height ratio; a convection front height ratio; and a proportion of the solute that dispersed between the first mean measurement time and the second mean measurement time.