A method for calculating a surface relaxation rate of a shale includes: a relaxation time T distribution curve and a pore throat radius r distribution curve are obtained through experiments; abscissas of the two distribution curves are standardized, and the abscissa of the relaxation time T distribution curve is expanded or shrunk to ensure an abscissa value corresponding to a maximum ordinate value in the transformed relaxation time T distribution curve is same as an abscissa value corresponding to a maximum ordinate value in the pore throat radius r distribution curve; straight lines with a number of N parallel to a y-axis of a combined curve graph including the two distribution curves are drawn and a value corresponding to each straight line is calculated; and value with the number of N are processed to obtain a final surface relaxation rate .

A method for combined characterization of pore structure includes steps as follows. Firstly, CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 and high-pressure mercury intrusion porosimetry characterization curves are plotted based on actual measurement data, then, average values of the overlapping range of the CO.sub.2 and N.sub.2 characterization curves are calculated, and a function y.sub.i=(x) is fitted. Each pore volume y.sub.i corresponding to each pore diameter x.sub.i is calculated, and a curve is plotted with x.sub.i as a horizontal coordinate and y.sub.i as a vertical coordinate, thereby obtaining a characterization curve of the overlapping range between CO.sub.2 and N.sub.2 adsorptions. The same data processing is used to process the overlapping range data of the N.sub.2 and high-pressure mercury intrusion porosimetry characterization curves, to obtain the characterization curve between them. The characterization curves are spliced with the original CO.sub.2, N.sub.2, and high-pressure mercury intrusion porosimetry characterization curves to obtain a combined characterization curve.

Example systems and methods for testing materials and assemblies for voids, cracks, or other defects are provided. One example system for testing a part includes a chamber configured to accept the part, and a vacuum source connected to the chamber. The example system also includes a fluid source connected to the chamber and configured to provide a radioactive or isotope-labeled fluid to the chamber. In addition, the example system includes a detector configured to detect a presence or absence of radioactivity or the isotope-labeled fluid in the part.

Process for determining rock permeability. In some embodiments, the process can include determining a volume-based aspect ratio distribution of pores in a rock sample from a digital image of the sample, grouping the volume-based aspect ratio distribution into two or more pore types, selecting an initial pore type from the two or more pore types, obtaining mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) data of the sample, creating a volume forward model and a frequency forward model using the MICP data, deriving an initial volume-based pore size distribution and an initial frequency-based pore size distribution for the initial pore type using the volume and the frequency forward models, respectively, selecting either the initial volume-based or the initial frequency-based distribution based on the forward models, and optimizing the selected distribution using an inversion of the MICP data with combinations of two or more pore type distributions to create an optimized distribution.

Example systems and methods for testing materials and assemblies for voids, cracks, or other defects are provided. One example system for testing a part includes a chamber configured to accept the part, and a vacuum source connected to the chamber. The example system also includes a fluid source connected to the chamber and configured to provide a radioactive or isotope-labeled fluid to the chamber. In addition, the example system includes a detector configured to detect a presence or absence of radioactivity or the isotope-labeled fluid in the part.

Example systems and methods for testing materials and assemblies for voids, cracks, or other defects are provided. One example system for testing a part includes a chamber configured to accept the part, and a vacuum source connected to the chamber. The example system also includes a fluid source connected to the chamber and configured to provide a radioactive or isotope-labeled fluid to the chamber. In addition, the example system includes a detector configured to detect a presence or absence of radioactivity or the isotope-labeled fluid in the part.

The present disclosure relates, according to some embodiments, to methods of marker based direct integrity testing of at least one membrane comprising: (a) dosing a feed fluid of a loop with at least one marker comprising at least one challenge particle, the loop comprising: the feed fluid; a pump comprising an outlet stream; a membrane module comprising the at least one membrane and a membrane module outlet stream, wherein the membrane module is in fluid communication with the outlet stream; a marker recycle stream in fluid communication with the membrane module outlet stream and the pump; and a means to measure particle concentrations; (b) circulating the feed fluid through the membrane module at least once to produce a filtrate comprising a filtered at least one marker; (c) measuring a filtrate particle concentration of the filtered at least one filtered marker in the filtrate to produce a filtrate concentration measurement; and (d) calculating a log removal value from the filtrate concentration measurement and the feed concentration measurement; wherein the log removal value is less than about 3 m.

There is described an apparatus for determining an information indicative of a porosity of a sample, the apparatus comprising: i) a measurement chamber, configured to accommodate the sample to be measured; ii) an intruding agent reservoir, configured to provide the intruding agent to the measurement chamber; iii) a pressure device, configured to apply a pressure profile to the measurement chamber, so that the intruding agent is pressed into at least part of the pores of the sample; and iv) a determination device, configured to determine the information indicative of the porosity of the sample based on the measured pressure.

The intruding agent comprises gallium or a gallium alloy, and the apparatus is configured to provide reducing or inert conditions with respect to the intruding agent.