A system and method for determining impurities in a beverage grade gas such as CO.sub.2 or N.sub.2 relies on a coupling of FTIR analysis and UV fluorescence detection. Conversion of reduced sulphur present in some impurities to SO.sub.2 can be conducted using a furnace. In some cases, CO.sub.2% also is determined.

An apparatus includes a reactive species source, a spectral measurement volume, a light source to emit a light beam into the spectral measurement volume, a spectrometer to receive the light beam from the spectral measurement volume. The apparatus includes an a controller configured to, when a reactive species is present in the spectral measurement volume, control the light source to emit the light beam into the spectral measurement volume and the spectrometer to determine an environment spectrum using the light beam, and when the reactive species is not present in the spectral measurement volume, control the light source to emit the light beam into the spectral measurement volume and the spectrometer to determine a baseline spectrum using the light beam, calculate a net spectrum based on a difference between the environment spectrum and the baseline spectrum, and estimate a concentration of the reactive species based on the net spectrum.

A system and method for classifying a sample are provided. The system includes a housing containing the sample, a sensing element to measure at least one physical parameter of the same, and a processor configured to receive and analyze the physical parameter measurement, and to determine if the sample can be classified based on the measurement. If the sample cannot be classified, the processor selects and applies other analytical techniques until the sample is classified. The method includes selecting an analytical technique to apply to a sample, applying the technique to the sample, obtaining the results of the analytical technique, and determining if the sample can be classified based on the analytical technique. The method further includes selecting and applying further analytical techniques if the sample was not classified, until the sample is able to be classified.

A system and method for determining impurities in a beverage grade gas such as CO.sub.2 or N.sub.2 relies on a coupling of FTIR analysis and UV fluorescence detection. Conversion of reduced sulphur present in some impurities to SO.sub.2 can be conducted using a furnace. In some cases, CO.sub.2% also is determined.

Apparatus and methods for performing optical analyses in a harsh environment are disclosed. Some of the systems and methods of the present disclosure include fluorescence, absorption, and reflectance detection using a drum spectrometer. Other systems and methods of the present disclosure include a measurement channel and a parallel reference channel concurrently filtering optical signals.

To show a highly accurate cell measurement method. A cell measurement method comprises: a step of staining a cultured target cell with a dye; a step of obtaining a first image and a second image which are transmission images for a first light and a second light to which the dye has different absorbance; a step of dividing each of the first image and the second image into a plurality of divided regions and comparing the first image and the second image for each of the divided regions so as to eliminate noises; and a step of integrating an indicator of a cell amount in each of the divided regions in the images from which the noises were eliminated so as to evaluate a target cell amount.

The present invention refers to an online monitoring system for the gravitational separation of oil emulsions, more specifically, a monitoring system for the properties related to the emulsions, such as the drop size distribution (DSD) and the water content (WC), simultaneously, in pressurized and heated systems at high pressures and temperatures, respectively, using near-infrared region (NIR) spectroscopy coupled with optical microscopy.

The online monitoring system is innovative as it overcomes the current need of the oil industry to remove aliquots from emulsified systems under high pressure and temperature, preferably up to 70 bar (7 MPa) and 150? C., respectively, for determination of the properties of emulsions, which causes disturbances and affects the physicochemical characteristics of emulsions. Thus, the invention makes it possible to infer about the stability of the emulsions under real operating conditions by monitoring the gravitational settling of water drops dispersed in a continuous phase of oil.

An optical fiber sensing system for temperature and salinity synchronous measurement is provided, which includes a broad-spectrum light source, an optical fiber circulator, a coupler, a first interferometer, a second interferometer, a third interferometer and a spectrometer; the first interferometer is insensitive to temperature and salinity; the second interferometer is sensitive to both temperature and salinity, and the third interferometer is only sensitive to temperature; light emitted by the broad-spectrum light source passes through the optical fiber circulator and enters the first interferometer; reflected light of the first interferometer passes through the optical fiber circulator and the coupler sequentially, and then enters the second and the third interferometers respectively; the reflected light of the second and the third interferometers enters the spectrometer after passing through the coupler; the temperature and the salinity to be measured are simultaneously obtained by performing spectral analysis of the reflected light entering the spectrometer.

A sample comprising a first substance and a second substance is modified by breaking down molecular bonds of the second substance of the sample to form a modified sample having altered surface enhanced luminescence (SEL) characteristics to reduce overlapping of SEL characteristics of the first substance in the second substance. Surface enhanced luminescence data resulting from excitation of the modified sample is collected. Characteristics of the first substance based upon the collected surface enhanced luminescence data are identified.

A multimode biological sample inspection apparatus and method is provided. The apparatus includes illumination hardware arrangement including transmission and sensing hardware, the illumination hardware arrangement configured to inspect a biological sample using at least two modes from a fluorescence imaging mode, a reflectance imaging mode, a scattering imaging mode, and a Raman imaging mode, and processing hardware configured to operate the illumination hardware arrangement according to a protocol including inspection settings of the at least two modes. The processing hardware receives scan results from the illumination hardware arrangement and identifies attributes of the biological sample. The processing hardware is configured to employ the attributes of at least one biological sample to alter the protocol.