Provided herein are systems and methods for generating a plurality of different monoenergetic neutron energies using a plurality of interchangeable ion beam targets. In certain embodiments, each of the plurality of ion beam targets is configured to generate a monoenergetic energy value that is at least 100 kiloelectron volts (keV) different from the other ion beam targets. In some embodiments, the ion beam targets are composed of LiF, TID.sub.1.5-1.8, TiT.sub.1-2, ErD.sub.1.5, ErT, or Li.

A local area, thermal cosmogenic neutron sensor is used for detecting moisture within a measurement surface. A neutron detector is positioned on a stand structure holding the detector above a measurement surface. A neutron shield is positioned around at least a portion of the neutron detector. The neutron shield substantially covers lateral sides of the neutron detector and substantially an entirety of a top of the neutron detector and is not positioned on a bottom side of the neutron detector. Local area, thermal cosmogenic neutrons propagating from the measurement surface travel through an air space before arriving at the neutron detector.

A neutron imaging system that includes a central neutron source configured to produce source neutrons, wherein the central neutron source comprises a beam target, a moderator chamber surrounding at least a portion of the beam target, the moderator chamber housing a moderator, and a re-entrant cone extending into the moderator chamber. The re-entrant cone includes an entrance surface having a concave curvature facing the beam target. The entrance surface encloses a cone chamber, isolating the cone chamber from the moderator.

The present invention relates to a system (S) and a process for determining the water equivalent content of a snowpack (Snow Water EquivalentSWE).

A system is provided that includes an imaging system used to obtain images of one or more solids extracted from a reservoir during a projectile motion of the one or more solids, a processing circuitry, and a memory, accessible by the processing circuitry, the memory storing instructions that, when executed by the processing circuitry cause the processing circuitry to perform operations. The operations include controlling the imaging system to obtain the images of the one or more solids during the projectile motion and obtaining one or more physical properties of the one or more solids based on the images of the one or more solids during the projectile motion.

Methods, systems, and computer program products for determining a property of construction material. According to one aspect, a material property gauge operable to determine a property of construction material is disclosed. The gauge may include an electromagnetic sensor operable to measure a response of construction material to an electromagnetic field. Further, the electromagnetic sensor may be operable to produce a signal representing the measured response by the construction material to the electromagnetic field. An acoustic detector may be operable to detect a response of the construction material to the acoustical energy. Further, the acoustic detector may be operable to produce a signal representing the detected response by the construction material to the acoustical energy. A material property calculation function may be configured to calculate a property value associated with the construction material based upon the signals produced by the electromagnetic sensor and the acoustic detector.

Methods and systems for cosmic ray sensing soil moisture management included at least one cosmic ray sensor (CRS) positioned within an environment. The CRS detects a plurality of cosmogenic neutrons from a portion of the environment. A computing platform is in communication with the at least one CRS. Data corresponding to the detected plurality of cosmogenic neutrons is communicated to the computing platform. A processing system is within the computing platform. The processing system determines a moisture level within the portion of the environment based on the detected plurality of cosmogenic neutrons. The processing system is configured to activate an irrigation controller which controls an irrigation network positioned at least partially within the portion of the environment based on the determined moisture level. The methods and systems may be used to manage moisture levels within agricultural crops and turf grass, such as on golf courses.