An X-ray imaging method includes acquiring a differential phase contrast imaging X-ray scan with an X-ray imaging system having an X-ray source, an X-ray detector, and a grating arrangement having a source grating, a phase grating and an analyzer grating. The source grating is misaligned in respect to an interferometer such that moiré fringes are detectable in the plane of the detector. A translation signal is computed for translating the source grating for achieving a predetermined moiré pattern. The positioning of the source grating is adjusted in an X-ray projection direction based on the translation signal such that at least 2 pi of phase changes are covered with the Moiré fringes over the width of the detector. And a further differential phase contrast imaging X-ray scan is acquired.

An x-ray interferometric imaging system in which the x-ray source comprises a target having a plurality of structured coherent sub-sources of x-rays embedded in a thermally conducting substrate. The system additionally comprises a beam-splitting grating G.sub.1 that establishes a Talbot interference pattern, which may be a π phase-shifting grating, and an x-ray detector to convert two-dimensional x-ray intensities into electronic signals. The system may also comprise a second analyzer grating G.sub.2 that may be placed in front of the detector to form additional interference fringes, a means to translate the second grating G.sub.2 relative to the detector. The system may additionally comprise an antiscattering grid to reduce signals from scattered x-rays. Various configurations of dark-field and bright-field detectors are also disclosed.

A high-aspect ratio structure production method and an ultrasonic probe production method of the present invention include: forming, in a principal surface of a substrate, a plurality of pores each extending in a direction intersecting the principal surface; plugging, among the plurality of pores, one or more pores formed in a first region; and forming a recess in a second region by a wet etching process. A high-aspect ratio structure includes a grating having a plurality of convex portions, wherein each of the plurality of convex portions is provided with a plugging member plugging a plurality of pores formed therein in a thickness direction of the structure.

This disclosure presents systems for x-ray microscopy using an array of micro-beams having a micro- or nano-scale beam intensity profile to provide selective illumination of micro- or nano-scale regions of an object. An array detector is positioned such that each pixel of the detector only detects x-rays corresponding to a single micro- or nano-beam. This allows the signal arising from each x-ray detector pixel to be identified with the specific, limited micro- or nano-scale region illuminated, allowing sampled transmission image of the object at a micro- or nano-scale to be generated while using a detector with pixels having a larger size and scale. Detectors with higher quantum efficiency may therefore be used, since the lateral resolution is provided solely by the dimensions of the micro- or nano-beams. The micro- or nano-scale beams may be generated using an arrayed x-ray source or a set of Talbot interference fringes.

An x-ray imaging system includes an x-ray source, an x-ray detector including a plurality of detector strips arranged in a first direction of the x-ray detector. Each detector strip includes a plurality of detector pixels arranged in a second direction of the x-ray detector. A phase grating and a plurality of analyzer gratings including grating slits are disposed between the x-ray source and detectors. The x-ray source and the x-ray detector are adapted to perform a scanning movement in relation to an object in the first direction, in order to scan the object. Each of the plurality of analyzer gratings is arranged in association with a respective detector strip with the grating slits arranged in the second direction. The grating slits of the analyzer gratings of the detector strips are offset relative to each other in the second direction.

This disclosure describes enantiomerically enriched chiral molecular sieves and methods of making and using the same. In some embodiments, the molecular sieves are silicates or germanosilicates of STW topology.

A diffraction system for determining a crystalline structure of a sample collects a series of diffraction frames from a crystal sample illuminated by a beam of photonic or particulate radiation, such as X-rays. A plurality of software modules for processing the detected diffraction frames perform different tasks in refining the collected diffraction data, such as harvesting, indexing, scaling, integration, and structure determination. Output parameters from certain modules are used as input parameters in others, and are exchanged between the modules as they become available. The modules operate simultaneously, and generate successive versions of output parameters as corresponding input parameters are changed until a final result is achieved. This provides a system of structure determination that is fast and efficient.

The present invention relates to a system (10) for X-ray dark field, phase contrast and attenuation tomosynthesis image acquisition. The system comprises an X-ray source (20), an interferometer arrangement (30), an X-ray detector (40), a control unit (50), and an output unit. A first axis is defined extending from a centre of the X-ray source to a centre of the X-ray detector. An examination region is located between the X-ray source and the X-ray. The first axis extends through the examination region, and the examination region is configured to enable location of an objection to be examined. The interferometer arrangement is located between the X-ray source and the X-ray detector. The interferometer arrangement comprises a first grating (32) and a second grating (34). A second axis is defined that is perpendicular to a plane that is defined with respect to a centre of the first grating and/or a centre of the second grating. The control unit is configured to control movement of the X-ray source and/or movement of the X-ray detector to provide a plurality of image acquisition states, wherein the X-ray source and X-ray detector are configured to operate to acquire image data. For each of the plurality of image acquisition states the first axis extends through the examination region at a different angle. The control unit is configured to control movement of the first grating or movement of the second grating in a lateral position direction perpendicular to the second axis. For each of the acquisition states the first grating or second grating is at a different lateral position of a plurality of lateral positions. The output unit is configured to output one or more of: dark field image data, phase contrast image data, and attenuation image data.

A radiation capturing system includes the following. A radiation source, a plurality of gratings, and a radiation detector, are provided aligned in a radiation irradiating axis direction. A Talbot interferometer or a Talbot-Lau interferometer captures a moire fringe image for generating a reconstructed image. A low visibility capturing unit performs capturing of the moire fringe image with visibility of a moire fringe reduced more than in capturing of the moire fringe image for generating the reconstructed image. A generating unit generates an absorptive image based on the moire fringe image captured by the low visibility capturing unit.

Disclosed are co-crystals of the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) inhibitor 1-((R)-3-(4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one, including crystalline forms, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions that include the co-crystals, as well as methods of using co-crystals, alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents, for the treatment of autoimmune diseases or conditions, heteroimmune diseases or conditions, cancer, including lymphoma, and inflammatory diseases or conditions.