A spectrometer includes a crystal analyzer having a radius of curvature that defines a Rowland circle, a sample stage configured to support a sample such that the sample is offset from the Rowland circle, x-ray source configured to emit unfocused x-rays toward the sample stage, and a position-sensitive detector that is tangent to the Rowland circle. A method performed via a spectrometer includes emitting, via an x-ray source, unfocused x-rays toward a sample that is mounted on a sample stage such that the sample is offset from the Rowland Circle, thereby causing the sample to emit x-rays that impinge on the crystal analyzer or transmit a portion of the unfocused x-rays to impinge on the crystal analyzer; scattering, via the crystal analyzer, the x-rays that impinge on the crystal analyzer; and detecting the scattered x-rays via a position-sensitive detector that is tangent to the Rowland circle.

A method and system of treatment with scale inhibitor, including adding scale inhibitor to source water to give injection water, conveying the injection water in a surface conduit to an injection well for injection into an oil reservoir in a subterranean formation, pumping the injection water through a wellbore of the injection well into the oil reservoir, obtaining a sample of the injection water (including suspended solids), and analyzing the suspended solids.

A method and system of treatment with scale inhibitor, including adding scale inhibitor to source water to give injection water, conveying the injection water in a surface conduit to an injection well for injection into an oil reservoir in a subterranean formation, pumping the injection water through a wellbore of the injection well into the oil reservoir, obtaining a sample of the injection water (including suspended solids), and analyzing the suspended solids.

A spectrometer includes a crystal analyzer having a radius of curvature that defines a Rowland circle, a sample stage configured to support a sample such that the sample is offset from the Rowland circle, x-ray source configured to emit unfocused x-rays toward the sample stage, and a position-sensitive detector that is tangent to the Rowland circle. A method performed via a spectrometer includes emitting, via an x-ray source, unfocused x-rays toward a sample that is mounted on a sample stage such that the sample is offset from the Rowland Circle, thereby causing the sample to emit x-rays that impinge on the crystal analyzer or transmit a portion of the unfocused x-rays to impinge on the crystal analyzer; scattering, via the crystal analyzer, the x-rays that impinge on the crystal analyzer; and detecting the scattered x-rays via a position-sensitive detector that is tangent to the Rowland circle.

A spectrometer includes a crystal analyzer having a radius of curvature that defines a Rowland circle, a sample stage configured to support a sample such that the sample is offset from the Rowland circle, x-ray source configured to emit unfocused x-rays toward the sample stage, and a position-sensitive detector that is tangent to the Rowland circle. A method performed via a spectrometer includes emitting, via an x-ray source, unfocused x-rays toward a sample that is mounted on a sample stage such that the sample is offset from the Rowland Circle, thereby causing the sample to emit x-rays that impinge on the crystal analyzer or transmit a portion of the unfocused x-rays to impinge on the crystal analyzer; scattering, via the crystal analyzer, the x-rays that impinge on the crystal analyzer; and detecting the scattered x-rays via a position-sensitive detector that is tangent to the Rowland circle.

The present invention provides a novel method for identifying a molecular structure by a single crystal X-ray analysis. A single crystal that gives an X-ray diffraction spectrum sufficient for determining a structure of a molecule can be efficiently obtained by including a test molecule in a metal complex, and then crystallizing the test-molecule included in the metal complex. By analyzing this single crystal by an X-ray analysis, it is possible to determine a structure of the test molecule without obtaining a single crystal of the test molecule. With the novel method according to the present invention, the structure of a test molecule in a trace amount of a sample can also be determined.

The present invention provides a novel method for identifying a molecular structure by a single crystal X-ray analysis. A single crystal that gives an X-ray diffraction spectrum sufficient for determining a structure of a molecule can be efficiently obtained by including a test molecule in a metal complex, and then crystallizing the test-molecule included in the metal complex. By analyzing this single crystal by an X-ray analysis, it is possible to determine a structure of the test molecule without obtaining a single crystal of the test molecule. With the novel method according to the present invention, the structure of a test molecule in a trace amount of a sample can also be determined.

The present disclosure belongs to the technical field of biosensors and particularly provides a construction method for a photocathode indirect competition sensor and an evaluation method. The construction method includes: using Z-type Bi.sub.2O.sub.3/CuBi.sub.2O.sub.4 as a sensing platform; calculating a photoinduced electron Z-type transfer path and an energy band structure of Bi.sub.2O.sub.3 and CuBi.sub.2O.sub.4 using a density functional theory (DFT); and constructing a Bi.sub.2O.sub.3/CuBi.sub.2O.sub.4-based biosensor. A photoelectrochemical (PEC) photocathode biosensor based on a Bi.sub.2O.sub.3/CuBi.sub.2O.sub.4 heterojunction prepared through the solution has good repeatability, reproducibility, stability, and specificity for detecting a target. The PEC biosensor constructed in the solution of the present disclosure has a broad application prospect in the fields of healthcare, environment, and food.

The present disclosure belongs to the technical field of biosensors and particularly provides a construction method for a photocathode indirect competition sensor and an evaluation method. The construction method includes: using Z-type Bi.sub.2O.sub.3/CuBi.sub.2O.sub.4 as a sensing platform; calculating a photoinduced electron Z-type transfer path and an energy band structure of Bi.sub.2O.sub.3 and CuBi.sub.2O.sub.4 using a density functional theory (DFT); and constructing a Bi.sub.2O.sub.3/CuBi.sub.2O.sub.4-based biosensor. A photoelectrochemical (PEC) photocathode biosensor based on a Bi.sub.2O.sub.3/CuBi.sub.2O.sub.4 heterojunction prepared through the solution has good repeatability, reproducibility, stability, and specificity for detecting a target. The PEC biosensor constructed in the solution of the present disclosure has a broad application prospect in the fields of healthcare, environment, and food.

Wellbore cement compositions can be managed based on material characteristics determined from a cement sample. For example, a cement sample can be retrieved from a wellbore. The cement sample can be analyzed using a plurality of sensors to generate a three-dimensional mapping of particles in the cement sample. The three-dimensional mapping can represent three-dimensional spatial relationships between the particles in the cement sample. The three-dimensional mapping can be compared to baseline three-dimensional mappings in a database. The comparison of the three-dimensional mappings can be used to identify at least one material characteristic of the cement sample. Based on the at least one material characteristic of the cement sample, a cement mixture can be prepared or information related to the cement mixture can be output.