In an embodiment is provided a method for measuring a vapor-liquid transition of a substance, the method including introducing a substance into a sample cell of a calorimetric block of a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) at a first initial pressure, the system volume being constant; maintaining the substance in a vapor phase; cooling the substance at a cooling rate; and generating a thermogram. In another embodiment is provided a method for measuring a vapor-liquid transition of a substance, the method including introducing a substance into a sample cell of a calorimetric block of a DSC at a first initial pressure, the system volume being constant; maintaining the substance in a liquid phase; heating the substance at a heating rate; and generating a thermogram. In another embodiment is provided a method for measuring a vapor-liquid transition of a substance in the presence of an adsorbent.

In an embodiment is provided a method for measuring a vapor-liquid transition of a substance, the method including introducing a substance into a sample cell of a calorimetric block of a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) at a first initial pressure, the system volume being constant; maintaining the substance in a vapor phase; cooling the substance at a cooling rate; and generating a thermogram. In another embodiment is provided a method for measuring a vapor-liquid transition of a substance, the method including introducing a substance into a sample cell of a calorimetric block of a DSC at a first initial pressure, the system volume being constant; maintaining the substance in a liquid phase; heating the substance at a heating rate; and generating a thermogram. In another embodiment is provided a method for measuring a vapor-liquid transition of a substance in the presence of an adsorbent.

A household appliance and method for determining if an amount of deposition of scale exceeds a reference amount of deposition of scale may include obtaining a start temperature of a heating element, turning on the heating element at first point in time to heat the liquid from the liquid start temperature and simultaneously starting measuring a time interval from the first point in time, monitoring, at a second point in time, a behavior of the measured temperature of the heating element during heating of the liquid in the heating space in order to determine if a boiling temperature of the liquid has been reached, comparing the measured time interval with a reference heating duration and determining if the amount of deposition of scale on the heating element exceeds the reference amount of deposition of scale.

A household appliance and method for determining if an amount of deposition of scale exceeds a reference amount of deposition of scale may include obtaining a start temperature of a heating element, turning on the heating element at first point in time to heat the liquid from the liquid start temperature and simultaneously starting measuring a time interval from the first point in time, monitoring, at a second point in time, a behavior of the measured temperature of the heating element during heating of the liquid in the heating space in order to determine if a boiling temperature of the liquid has been reached, comparing the measured time interval with a reference heating duration and determining if the amount of deposition of scale on the heating element exceeds the reference amount of deposition of scale.

Reaction vessels which allow visualization while speeding vaporization or other reactions. In one illustrative embodiment, a reaction vessel may have sidewalls formed from a transparent material such as a clear quartz glass having relatively smooth surface and relatively low thermal transfer properties while allowing for visualization into the vessel. The vessel floor may be formed from a porous textured opaque quartz glass bottom. Liquids in the vessel will more readily react due to the numerous pores on the surface of the material of the bottom which serve as active nucleation sites during a chemical reaction process. Additionally, an unexpectedly higher rate of thermal diffusivity into the vessel interior may further increase reaction speeds. Methods of conducting and analyzing reactions using such vessels are further included in the present disclosure.

Reaction vessels which allow visualization while speeding vaporization or other reactions. In one illustrative embodiment, a reaction vessel may have sidewalls formed from a transparent material such as a clear quartz glass having relatively smooth surface and relatively low thermal transfer properties while allowing for visualization into the vessel. The vessel floor may be formed from a porous textured opaque quartz glass bottom. Liquids in the vessel will more readily react due to the numerous pores on the surface of the material of the bottom which serve as active nucleation sites during a chemical reaction process. Additionally, an unexpectedly higher rate of thermal diffusivity into the vessel interior may further increase reaction speeds. Methods of conducting and analyzing reactions using such vessels are further included in the present disclosure.

A method for simulating a phenomenon involving phase change includes: calculating, by a processor, a degree of phase change in a porous medium per unit volume and unit time based on an area of a gas-liquid interface in the porous medium per unit volume and a phase change rate at the gas-liquid interface.

A method for simulating a phenomenon involving phase change includes: calculating, by a processor, a degree of phase change in a porous medium per unit volume and unit time based on an area of a gas-liquid interface in the porous medium per unit volume and a phase change rate at the gas-liquid interface.

An arrangement for preparation of a distillation measurement of a liquid includes a heater and a traversing system. The heater supports a perforated plate selected from a group of standardized perforated plates which further supports a container containing the liquid. The heater is enabled and controlled during the performance of a standardized test for determining evaporation properties of the liquid. The traversing system is adapted to traverse the heater and to interrupt a further traversing of the heater, if a pressure force of the perforated plate put onto the heater against the container reaches a threshold value.

An arrangement for closing a container, in particular a flask, for determining evaporation properties of a liquid in the flask according to at least one standardized test. The arrangement has at least one temperature measurement system, a sensor, a closing element adapted for contacting a surface of an opening in the container for closing the container and having a through-opening through which a portion of the temperature measurement sensor is guided such that a lower end of the sensor is arranged within the container. The arrangement further includes a mechanism for adjusting a position of the lower end of the sensor along a longitudinal direction of the temperature measurement sensor.