A sensor assembly is shown for sensing a crossing of the critical point in a system utilising a working fluid in a transcritical cycle passing through the critical point. A first broadband acoustic sensor is located upstream of a component and a second broadband acoustic sensor is located downstream of the component, each of which are arranged to detect high-frequency and low-frequency sounds caused by the crossing of the critical point. A flow regulation device regulates flow of working fluid through the component in response to the output of one or both of the first broadband acoustic sensor and the second broadband acoustic sensor, thereby adjusting the location of the crossing of the critical point.

A sensor assembly is shown for sensing a crossing of the critical point in a system utilising a working fluid in a transcritical cycle passing through the critical point. A first broadband acoustic sensor is located upstream of a component and a second broadband acoustic sensor is located downstream of the component, each of which are arranged to detect high-frequency and low-frequency sounds caused by the crossing of the critical point. A flow regulation device regulates flow of working fluid through the component in response to the output of one or both of the first broadband acoustic sensor and the second broadband acoustic sensor, thereby adjusting the location of the crossing of the critical point.

A method for testing a phase transformation point of aluminium alloy, comprising cutting an aluminium alloy material to obtain at least three samples to be tested; performing heat treatment on a first sample to be tested to obtain a first resistivity-temperature curve; respectively performing quenching treatment and annealing treatment on a second sample to be tested and a third sample to be tested to obtain the second sample to be tested at a quenched state and the third sample to be tested at a fully annealed state, and respectively heating the second sample to be tested at a quenched state and the third sample to be tested at a fully annealed state to obtain a second resistivity-temperature curve and a third resistivity-temperature curve; obtaining a relative resistivity-temperature curve; and determining a phase transformation starting temperature and a phase transformation termination temperature of the sample to be tested according to the relative resistivity-temperature curve. By means of this method, a phase transformation behavior and a phase transformation temperature under a non-linear cooling condition can be tested. The range of a cooling rate which can be tested in the method is wide, and a phase transformation behavior of a small volume fraction and precipitated phase information about a small size can be captured.

A method for testing a phase transformation point of aluminium alloy, comprising cutting an aluminium alloy material to obtain at least three samples to be tested; performing heat treatment on a first sample to be tested to obtain a first resistivity-temperature curve; respectively performing quenching treatment and annealing treatment on a second sample to be tested and a third sample to be tested to obtain the second sample to be tested at a quenched state and the third sample to be tested at a fully annealed state, and respectively heating the second sample to be tested at a quenched state and the third sample to be tested at a fully annealed state to obtain a second resistivity-temperature curve and a third resistivity-temperature curve; obtaining a relative resistivity-temperature curve; and determining a phase transformation starting temperature and a phase transformation termination temperature of the sample to be tested according to the relative resistivity-temperature curve. By means of this method, a phase transformation behavior and a phase transformation temperature under a non-linear cooling condition can be tested. The range of a cooling rate which can be tested in the method is wide, and a phase transformation behavior of a small volume fraction and precipitated phase information about a small size can be captured.

Identifying a stable phase of a binary alloy comprising a solute element and a solvent element. In one example, at least two thermodynamic parameters associated with grain growth and phase separation of the binary alloy are determined, and the stable phase of the binary alloy is identified based on the first thermodynamic parameter and the second thermodynamic parameter, wherein the stable phase is one of a stable nanocrystalline phase, a metastable nanocrystalline phase, and a non-nanocrystalline phase.

Identifying a stable phase of a binary alloy comprising a solute element and a solvent element. In one example, at least two thermodynamic parameters associated with grain growth and phase separation of the binary alloy are determined, and the stable phase of the binary alloy is identified based on the first thermodynamic parameter and the second thermodynamic parameter, wherein the stable phase is one of a stable nanocrystalline phase, a metastable nanocrystalline phase, and a non-nanocrystalline phase.

A light receiving device including: a light receiving element configured to receive at least a portion of light incident from an outside and output an output signal corresponding to amount of received light; a molded resin portion configured to seal at least a portion of the light receiving element; a temperature information acquiring unit configured to acquire temperature information; a humidity information calculating unit configured to calculate humidity information, based on information relating to at least either electrical characteristics or optical characteristics of the light receiving element and the temperature information; and a compensating unit configured to compensate the output signal, based on the temperature information and the humidity information.

The present disclosure is directed to methods and systems for detecting a substance of interest. The methods and systems include collecting the substance of interest on a collection device comprising an inert fiber material and a siloxane resin. The systems and methods further include heating the collection device in a desorber, wherein heating the device releases the substance of interest from the device, performing an analysis of the substance of interest, and detecting the substance of interest.

The present disclosure is directed to methods and systems for detecting a substance of interest. The methods and systems include collecting the substance of interest on a collection device comprising an inert fiber material and a siloxane resin. The systems and methods further include heating the collection device in a desorber, wherein heating the device releases the substance of interest from the device, performing an analysis of the substance of interest, and detecting the substance of interest.

A method includes providing a length of pipeline that has a housing defining a central bore extending the length of the pipe and a space formed within the housing and extending the length of the pipe. At least one condition within the space is continuously monitored within the space to detect in real time if a change in the housing occurs.