Disclosed is a gas sensor. The gas sensor comprises: a substrate; a thermoelectric layer which is disposed on the substrate and has a metal nanowire; a first electrode and a second electrode disposed to be spaced apart from each other on the thermoelectric layer; and a catalyst layer which is disposed on the first electrode and has a composite structure in which a metal particle is bonded to a carbon structure.

An elemental analysis device includes a heating furnace in which a test sample that is placed in a crucible is heated so that a sample gas is generated from the test sample, an inflow path through which a carrier gas is introduced into the heating furnace, an outflow path through which a mixture gas made up of the carrier gas and the sample gas is led out from the heating furnace, a dust filter that is provided on the outflow path, an analysis mechanism that is provided on the outflow path on a downstream side from the dust filter, and that detects one or a plurality of predetermined components contained in the mixture gas, and a cleaning gas supply mechanism that supplies cleaning gas to the dust filter in an opposite direction from a direction in which the mixture gas is flowing.

This invention relates to a method of estimating the organic carbon content of soil or changes in organic carbon content of the soil over time using Loss On Ignition (LOI) in which a first sample of the soil is taken from a selected location and heated by forcing heated oxygen-containing gas through the soil sample, monitoring the temperature of the sample by using at least one temperature sensing means within the soil sample and varying the supply of the gas to the sample in accordance with the temperature of the sample as sensed by the sensing means to remove organic materials including organic carbon from the soil sample by burning off or oxidising the organic materials.

This invention relates to a method of estimating the organic carbon content of soil or changes in organic carbon content of the soil over time using Loss On Ignition (LOI) in which a first sample of the soil is taken from a selected location and heated by forcing heated oxygen-containing gas through the soil sample, monitoring the temperature of the sample by using at least one temperature sensing means within the soil sample and varying the supply of the gas to the sample in accordance with the temperature of the sample as sensed by the sensing means to remove organic materials including organic carbon from the soil sample by burning off or oxidising the organic materials.

A device for ascertaining a measure of a calorific value of a gas, having a membrane arranged between a first and a second electrode a controllable voltage/current source for generating a control voltage/current between the first and second electrode, and an analyzing device for ascertaining the measure of the calorific value of the gas. By applying the control voltage/current to the first and second electrode, oxygen is transported from an oxygen-containing reference gas into the gas through the membrane and is combusted with combustible components of the gas. The analyzing device ascertains the measure of the calorific value of the gas dependent on the generated control voltage/current a temperature of the membrane, or dependent on an impedance of the membrane.

A device for ascertaining a measure of a calorific value of a gas, having a membrane arranged between a first and a second electrode a controllable voltage/current source for generating a control voltage/current between the first and second electrode, and an analyzing device for ascertaining the measure of the calorific value of the gas. By applying the control voltage/current to the first and second electrode, oxygen is transported from an oxygen-containing reference gas into the gas through the membrane and is combusted with combustible components of the gas. The analyzing device ascertains the measure of the calorific value of the gas dependent on the generated control voltage/current a temperature of the membrane, or dependent on an impedance of the membrane.

Disclosed herein is a method for facilitating verifying a recycling process of a recyclable item. Accordingly, the method may include receiving, using a communication device, a recyclable item identifier of the recyclable item from a device, determining, using a processing device, estimated yield data representing an estimated yield associated with the recyclable item based on the recyclable item identifier, storing, using a storage device, the estimated yield data to a distributed ledger, receiving, using the communication device, actual yield data representing an actual yield associated with at least one product from a yield sensor, and comparing, using the processing device, the actual yield data with the estimated yield data. Further, the method may include verifying, using the processing device, the recycling process based on the comparing. Further, the method may include storing, using the storage device, the actual yield data associated with the recyclable item in the distributed ledger.

Systems, methods, devices, and circuitries are provided for determining a material property. In one embodiment, a method includes applying non-thermal energy to a first side of a material sample; sensing, a response of the material sample to the non-thermal energy; generating non-thermal data indicative of the response; and determining a thermal property of the material sample based on the non-thermal data. In one embodiment, the method also includes determining an environmental characteristic; determining a suitability of the material sample based on the thermal property and the environmental characteristic; and displaying information related to the suitability.

Systems, methods, devices, and circuitries are provided for determining a material property. In one embodiment, a method includes applying non-thermal energy to a first side of a material sample; sensing, a response of the material sample to the non-thermal energy; generating non-thermal data indicative of the response; and determining a thermal property of the material sample based on the non-thermal data. In one embodiment, the method also includes determining an environmental characteristic; determining a suitability of the material sample based on the thermal property and the environmental characteristic; and displaying information related to the suitability.

Systems and methods for monitoring emissions of a combusted gas are provided. The method includes determining a first net heating value of a flare gas. The method also includes determining a second net heating value of a combustion gas including the flare gas. The second net heating value can be determined based upon the first net heating value and a volumetric flow rate of the flare gas. Based upon the value of the second net heating value, an empirical model or a non-parametric machine learning model can be selected. A combustion efficiency of the combustion gas can be determined using the selected model, the second net heating value, and selected ones of the process conditions and the environmental conditions. Total emissions of the combustion mixture can be further determined from the combustion efficiency and a volumetric flow rate of the combustion gas.