A solution for evaluating a medium using electrical signals is described. A plurality of electrical signals having different frequencies are transmitted through the medium and signal data corresponding to the electrical signals after having traveled through the medium is acquired. A complex impedance and a complex permittivity and/or complex conductivity can be calculated for the medium. A set of characteristics of the medium can be computed using mixing models and/or known information of the medium. A level of one or more attributes of the medium can be determined from the characteristics using nonparametric Bayesian inference. One particular application is directed to determining a nitrate level of soil.

Methods and systems for high fidelity electrical tomographic processes are provided for herein. Specifically, the use of a purpose-selected fluid configuration is described, used to fill the void space between mechanically fixed sensing electrodes and the target object to sense and reconstruct. In some embodiments, this fluid configuration enhances or masks changes in electrical measurements in response to certain materials known or suspected to exist within the sensed volume. In other embodiments, a plurality of fluid configurations may be employed to improve the quality of reconstruction, or resolve additional spatial dimensions. Exemplary applications in medicine and manufacturing are also provided.

Disclosed are a soil monitoring sensor and a method of operating the same. The soil monitoring sensor includes a first probe formed to extend in a first direction, and including a first electrode and a second electrode; a first resonance circuit connected to the first electrode and the second electrode of the first probe, and configured such that a first AC signal is applied thereto; a second resonance circuit having the same impedance as the first resonance circuit, and configured such that a second AC signal is applied thereto; and a determination circuit configured to receive a first electrical signal formed in the first resonance circuit, to receive a second electrical signal formed in the second resonance circuit, and to generate a first determination value for the state of the soil based on the first resonant frequency and the second resonant frequency.

Hundreds of thousands of concrete bridges and hundreds of billions of tons of concrete require characterization with time for corrosion. Accordingly, protocols for rapid testing and improved field characterization systems that automatically triangulate electrical resistivity and half-cell corrosion potential measurements would be beneficial allowing discrete / periodic mapping of a structure to be performed as well as addressing testing for asphalt covered concrete. Further, it is the low frequency impedance of rebar in concrete that correlates to corrosion state but these are normally time consuming vulnerable to noise. Hence, it would be beneficial to provide a means of making low frequency electrical resistivity measurements rapidly. Further, prior art techniques for electrical rebar measurements require electrical connection be made to the rebar which increases measurement complexity/disruption / repair / cost even when no corrosion is identified. Beneficially a method of determining the state of a rebar without electrical contact is taught.

The presence of biomarkers or other analytes can be detected in the bodily fluid using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) or Electrochemical Capacitance Spectroscopy (ECS) in devices, such as handheld point-of-care devices. The devices, as well as systems and methods, utilize using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) or Electrochemical Capacitance Spectroscopy (EIS) in combination with an antibody or other target-capturing molecule on a working electrode. Imaginary impedance or phase shift, as well as background subtraction, also may be utilized.

A coated structure with a monitoring system, the structure comprising a base having a base surface, a coating joined to the base surface in a base interface and extending in a thickness direction to an outer coating surface, a sensor comprising at least one electrode embedded in the coating, an I/O device configured to generate an input signal in the sensor and to read an output signal from the sensor, a data logger configured to log the output signal from the I/O device, and a computer unit configured to use the logged signal from the data logger. To provide improved information related to the condition of the structure or coating, the computer unit is configured to determine at least two separate indexes, each index related to a property of the coating or the structure.

Disclosed is a wireless monitoring system for a coal-gangue mixing ratio based on a non-Hermite technology, including a signal generation monitoring device, an excitation coil, a receiving coil and a parallel plate capacitor. The signal generation monitoring device is connected with the excitation coil; the receiving coil is connected with the parallel plate capacitor to form an LC resonance system; the receiving coil is placed in parallel with the excitation coil, and the axis of the receiving coil and the axis of the excitation coil are on a same horizontal line; the signal generation monitoring device is used to generate a pulse current and collect reflected signals; the excitation coil excites an initial magnetic field based on the generated pulse current, and the LC resonance circuit performs an electromagnetic field induction to generate an induced magnetic field, and feeds back the reflected signals to the signal generation monitoring device.

An insulin detection method includes: adding a sample to an electrode having an insulin binding protein immobilized on a surface of the electrode, the insulin binding protein specifically recognizing insulin; and detecting an electrochemical change associated with formation of a complex of the insulin and the insulin binding protein. The insulin binding protein includes: a first region that includes an α-CT segment of an insulin receptor and does not include a β subunit of the insulin receptor, and a second region that includes an L1 domain of the insulin receptor and does not include the β subunit of the insulin receptor; and one of the first region and the second region is immobilized on the surface of the electrode.

A resonant sensor probe assembly includes a substrate formed from one or more dielectric materials and free-standing electrodes coupled with the substrate. The free-standing electrodes are configured to be placed into the fluid and to generate an electric field between the free-standing electrodes. A controller measures an impedance response of the sensor to the fluid between the electrodes to determine an aging effect of the sensor.

Embodiments of the present application provide a detection apparatus of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and a battery management system, the detection apparatus including a waveform generator, where the waveform generator is integrated in a battery monitoring chip; an excitation resistor; a detection resistor; and an MOS switch, wherein the waveform generator is configured to generate a pulse waveform, a gate electrode of the MOS switch is configured to receive the pulse waveform; the excitation resistor is configured to enable the battery to generate an excitation current when the gate electrode of the MOS switch receives the pulse waveform; the detection resistor is configured to convert the excitation current into an excitation voltage, the excitation voltage is configured to calculate an electrochemical impedance of the battery, The detection apparatus of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in embodiments of the present application can lower cost and volume of EIS detection.