A method for identifying and characterizing a condensate entrained in a fluid using time domain analysis and frequency domain analysis to identify individual volume fraction constituents and condensates within a pipe on a real time basis and to measure the volume of the individual volume fraction constituents and condensates flowing through the pipe on a real time basis.

An electrode performance evaluation system and an electrode performance evaluation method is disclosed. The method includes acquiring impedance measurement data for different frequencies by applying an alternating current signal to an electrode assembly including an electrode which is immersed in an electrolyte solution, calculating impedance calculation data for different frequencies while changing the frequency of an impedance equation corresponding to a circuit model of the electrode assembly, calculating the resistance value of ion bulk resistance in the electrolyte solution using the ion conductivity of the electrolyte solution, the area of the electrode and the thickness and porosity of an active material layer of the electrode, and determining effective tortuosity as a factor of the electrode performance based on the impedance measurement data for different frequencies, the impedance calculation data for different frequencies and the resistance value of the ion bulk resistance.

A pump device has at least one chamber (22) or conduit containing or provided for containing a liquid, a concentration sensor (24) arranged in the chamber (22) or conduit for detecting a concentration of a substance in the liquid and an evaluation unit (28) connected to the sensor (24). The sensor (24) and the evaluation unit (28) are configured for an electrical impedance measurement. The evaluation unit (28) is configured such that a measurement for detecting the concentration is carried out by use of an electrical signal applied to the sensor (24) having at least one frequency corresponding to or above an upper cut-off frequency (f.sub.2) of a frequency range showing a constant electrical impedance (R.sub.m). A method is provided for determining the concentration of a substance inside a liquid.

Systems and methods for processing sensor data and self-calibration are provided. In some embodiments, systems and methods are provided which are capable of calibrating a continuous analyte sensor based on an initial sensitivity, and then continuously performing self-calibration without using, or with reduced use of, reference measurements. In certain embodiments, a sensitivity of the analyte sensor is determined by applying an estimative algorithm that is a function of certain parameters. Also described herein are systems and methods for determining a property of an analyte sensor using a stimulus signal. The sensor property can be used to compensate sensor data for sensitivity drift, or determine another property associated with the sensor, such as temperature, sensor membrane damage, moisture ingress in sensor electronics, and scaling factors.

Apparatuses, systems, methods, and computer program products are presented for electronically emulating the impedance characteristics of materials, e.g., for standardizing and calibrating electromagnetic measuring devices for the measurement of physical properties of materials. The electronic impedance emulation apparatus according to some embodiments includes an electronic material emulation circuit in communication with the electromagnetic measuring device. The electronic material emulation circuit and the electromagnetic measuring device are controlled by a at least one computing device, which can control the frequency of signal(s) generated by the electromagnetic measuring device. The at least one computing device can instruct the electronic emulator to produce signals having complex impedance characteristics of the material under test at the test frequency. The emulation data can be stored and used for the calibration and/or standardization of the electromagnetic measuring device.

A method of extracting complex impedance from selected volumes of the material under test (MUT) combined with various embodiments of electrode sensor arrays. Configurations of linear and planar electrode arrays provide measured data of complex impedance of selected volumes, or voxels, of the MUT, which then can be used to extract the impedance of selected sub-volumes or sub-voxels of the MUT through application of circuit theory. The complex impedance characteristics of the sub-voxels may be used to identify variations in the properties of the various sub-voxels of the MUT, or be correlated to physical properties of the MUT using electromagnetic impedance tomography and/or spectroscopy.

Described methods and systems are used for in-situ impedance spectroscopy analysis of battery cells in multi-cell battery packs. Specifically, the cell impedances are determined while the pack continues to operate, such as being charged or discharged. For example, the pack voltage/power output remains unchanged while this analysis is initiated, performed, and ended. Cell impedance is determined based on the cell's response to the signal applied to the cell. For example, a current through the cell is charged while monitoring cells' voltage response. Although the power output of the changes during this testing, but the operation of the pack is not impacted due to the power compensation provided by one or more other cells in the pack thereby ensuring uninterrupted operation of the pack. This in situ testing is provided by the unique architecture of the pack, comprising multiple nodes and individual node controllers.

An organic and inorganic material test system includes at least one test container, a first and second set of electrodes embedded in the at least one test container, a set of transmit circuits coupled to the first set of electrodes, and a set of differential drive-sense circuits (DDSCs) coupled to the second set of electrodes. A first transmit circuit coupled to a first electrode is operable to produce a first transmit signal at a first frequency for transmission through contents of a first test container. A first DDSC coupled to a second electrode of the first test container includes a pair of drive-sense circuits (DSCs) and an output operational amplifier. The pair of DSCs are operable to generate receive signals at the first frequency. The output operational amplifier compares receive signals to produce a signal representative of the contents with respect to positioning of the first and second electrodes.

Described are interdigitated electrodes, which may optionally be plasmonic, useful for in vitro biosensing applications. Such devices may significantly reduce undesired background noise by separating the excitation source (light) from the detection signal (current), and thereby, leading to higher sensitivity for bioanalysis compared with conventional interdigitated electrodes. Also described are methods of making such interdigitated electrodes, which allow a substrate, which may optionally be plasmonic, to be tuned not only to maximize the targeted interaction of the cells with the nanoscale geometry, but also for the excitation wavelength to minimize biological sample interference.

The present invention disclosures a test system and test method for a simulation experiment of gas hydrate in a porous medium. The test system comprises a reactor, a sensor system, a hardware interface apparatus and a data processing system; the reactor is used for containing tested medium, the sensor system is mounted inside the reactor, and the sensor system is connected to the data processing system through the hardware interface apparatus; the test method comprises a procedure of experiment and measurement data acquisition, and a procedure of analyzing and processing measurement signals; by establishing of electrical model I, acoustic model II and the fused model III, realizing the simulation of the synthesis/decomposition processes of gas hydrate in the deposits in laboratory environment and implementation of the acoustic and electrical parameters combined test, an accurate gas hydrate saturation calculation model can be established at last.