The invention provides a multi-layered electrode for sensing pH, the electrode comprising: a sensing layer on a substrate, the sensing layer comprising at least one proton-sensitive metal oxide, wherein a pH-dependent potential of the multi-layered electrode is measurable via an electrically conductive connection to the sensing layer; a proton-permeable layer covering at least a portion of the sensing layer, the proton-permeable layer comprising at least one electrically insulating proton-conductive metal oxide; and a carbonaceous layer on the proton-permeable layer, the carbonaceous layer comprising amorphous carbon.

An inspection robot, and methods and a controller thereof are disclosed. An inspection robot may include an inspection chassis including a plurality of inspection sensors and coupled to at least one drive module to drive the robot over an inspection surface. The inspection robot may also include a controller including an inspection data circuit to interpret inspection base data, an inspection processing circuit to determine refined inspection data, and an inspection configuration circuit to determine an inspection response value in response to the refined inspection data. The controller may further include an inspection response circuit to, in response to the inspection response value, provide an inspection command value while the inspection robot is interrogating the inspection surface.

A method of detecting faults and ensuring integrity of membranes having magnetically functionalized particles, including moving a magnetometer over the membrane to measure at least one magnetic property, mapping the location of the measured properties, identifying anomalies among measured properties including the location of such anomalies, and repairing the membrane at the location where anomalies are identified.

A method of detecting faults and ensuring integrity of membranes having magnetically functionalized particles, including moving a magnetometer over the membrane to measure at least one magnetic property, mapping the location of the measured properties, identifying anomalies among measured properties including the location of such anomalies, and repairing the membrane at the location where anomalies are identified.

A system for detecting wear in an encoder used to sense a wheel speed in a vehicle comprises a sensor configured to sense the wheel speed of the vehicle by sensing a magnetic material on the encoder coupled to a wheel of the vehicle. A noise detection module includes a plurality of noise detectors configured to detect noise in a wheel speed signal generated by the sensor. An estimation module is configured to estimate a state of health of the encoder based on the noise detected in the wheel speed signal and to generate an alert in response to the state of health indicating that an amount of wear on the encoder is greater than a predetermined threshold. A filter is configured to filter the noise in the wheel speed signal and to output a filtered wheel speed signal to a control system controlling stability of the vehicle.

A system for detecting wear in an encoder used to sense a wheel speed in a vehicle comprises a sensor configured to sense the wheel speed of the vehicle by sensing a magnetic material on the encoder coupled to a wheel of the vehicle. A noise detection module includes a plurality of noise detectors configured to detect noise in a wheel speed signal generated by the sensor. An estimation module is configured to estimate a state of health of the encoder based on the noise detected in the wheel speed signal and to generate an alert in response to the state of health indicating that an amount of wear on the encoder is greater than a predetermined threshold. A filter is configured to filter the noise in the wheel speed signal and to output a filtered wheel speed signal to a control system controlling stability of the vehicle.

A method includes pulsating a magnetic field at a first location associated with an external surface of a wall containing magnetic material. The method also includes measuring at least one characteristic of the pulsating magnetic field at a second location associated with the external surface of the wall. The at least one characteristic changes based on corrosion on an internal surface the wall between the first and second locations. The magnetic field could be pulsated by applying an AC signal to a conductive coil or by vibrating a magnet. The method could also include analyzing the at least one measured characteristic to identify an amount of the corrosion and/or a change in the amount of the corrosion. Use of the internal surface the wall could be modified based on the amount or change of the corrosion.

A method includes pulsating a magnetic field at a first location associated with an external surface of a wall containing magnetic material. The method also includes measuring at least one characteristic of the pulsating magnetic field at a second location associated with the external surface of the wall. The at least one characteristic changes based on corrosion on an internal surface the wall between the first and second locations. The magnetic field could be pulsated by applying an AC signal to a conductive coil or by vibrating a magnet. The method could also include analyzing the at least one measured characteristic to identify an amount of the corrosion and/or a change in the amount of the corrosion. Use of the internal surface the wall could be modified based on the amount or change of the corrosion.

The inspection device includes: a conveyance route that conveys an inspection object at moving speed v; a first magnetic detector and a second magnetic detector that detect a magnetic field of a magnetic foreign object contained in the inspection object; an amplifying unit that amplifies detection signals of the first magnetic detector and the second magnetic detector; and a computation processing unit that performs processing of multiplying the detection signal of the second magnetic detector by a signal obtained by delaying the detection signal of the first magnetic detector. The first magnetic detector and the second magnetic detector each include one magnetic sensor and the magnetic sensors form a pair.

The inspection device includes: a conveyance route that conveys an inspection object at moving speed v; a first magnetic detector and a second magnetic detector that detect a magnetic field of a magnetic foreign object contained in the inspection object; an amplifying unit that amplifies detection signals of the first magnetic detector and the second magnetic detector; and a computation processing unit that performs processing of multiplying the detection signal of the second magnetic detector by a signal obtained by delaying the detection signal of the first magnetic detector. The first magnetic detector and the second magnetic detector each include one magnetic sensor and the magnetic sensors form a pair.