Methods, articles of manufacture, and kits for calibrating fluid delivery systems are provided. A fluid delivery system connected to N input streams, where N is an integer greater than or equal to 2, mixes together fluid from the N input streams to form an output stream. The methods involve obtaining N test solutions, each containing a dye, providing optical absorbances of the test solutions at appropriate wavelengths, injecting the test solutions into the input streams, mixing the test solutions, and measuring the absorbance of the output stream at the same wavelengths. The methods also involve comparing the absorbances of the test solutions with the absorbances of the output stream, which can include calculating ratios and comparing the ratios with target values. The methods can further involve adjusting operation of the fluid delivery system based upon the absorbances. In some embodiments, the dyes have largely non-overlapping absorbance spectra.

Provided are a novel internal standard useful in the measurement of androgens, a method capable of measuring the androgen in a highly selective and highly sensitive (accurate) manner using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry with simplified pretreatments, and a method for diagnosis of a disease using the androgen measurement method. The novel stable isotope-labeled compound is synthesized by performing reduction reaction in a specific solvent. An androgen is measured using this novel stable isotope-labeled compound as an IS.

A reference sample for analysis that is optimal for calibration of a pyrolysis gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer and with which precise calibration is always possible by preventing a reference substance from evaporating is provided. A reference sample sheet 1 is provided by distributing a target component or target components with a uniform normality in a base made of a high polymer material, and the reference sample sheet 1 is rolled up so that the target component or target components can be prevented from evaporating from the reference sample sheet 1 even in the case where a component has volatility. A reference sample for calibration of a pyrolysis gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer can be easily, quickly, and efficiently collected by punching out the reference sample sheet 1 using a micro-puncher 2.

A reference sample for analysis that is optimal for calibration of a pyrolysis gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer and with which precise calibration is always possible by preventing a reference substance from evaporating is provided. A reference sample sheet 1 is provided by distributing a target component or target components with a uniform normality in a base made of a high polymer material, and the reference sample sheet 1 is rolled up so that the target component or target components can be prevented from evaporating from the reference sample sheet 1 even in the case where a component has volatility. A reference sample for calibration of a pyrolysis gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer can be easily, quickly, and efficiently collected by punching out the reference sample sheet 1 using a micro-puncher 2.

The present disclosure relates to a computer-implemented method for analyzing a product stream of a chemical reaction. The method includes withdrawing a portion of the product stream of the chemical reaction from a reactor, the portion of the product stream having a volume of less than about 200 μL. The method further includes mixing the portion of the product stream with a diluent to produce a sample and then transferring the sample to a liquid chromatography device. A measured chemical profile is then developed, via the liquid chromatography device, which can be used for process monitoring or real time decision making. In some embodiments, the method can include adjusting a reaction condition in the reactor based on differences between the measured chemical profile and a desired chemical profile.

Provided herein are apparatus for independently manipulating the temperature of a plurality of reaction vessels, e.g., for automated processing of nucleic acids present in the vessels. Printed circuit boards (PCBs) comprising a mount area arranged to have mounted thereon a through-hole thermoelectric device (TED) to facilitate independent temperature control of reaction vessels are also provided, as well as methods relating to the same.

A sample management device which comprises a source flow path in which a fluidic sample can flow, a volume flow adjustment unit configured for adjusting a volume flow of the fluidic sample to be branched off from the source flow path at a fluidic coupling point, and a fluidic valve fluidically coupled with the source flow path and with the volume flow adjustment unit, wherein the fluidic valve is switchable into a branch off state in which the fluidic coupling point is established within the source flow path to branch off an adjustable volume of the fluidic sample from the source flow path via the fluidic coupling point while a flow of the fluidic sample in the source flow path continues.

A sample management device which comprises a source flow path in which a fluidic sample can flow, a volume flow adjustment unit configured for adjusting a volume flow of the fluidic sample to be branched off from the source flow path at a fluidic coupling point, and a fluidic valve fluidically coupled with the source flow path and with the volume flow adjustment unit, wherein the fluidic valve is switchable into a branch off state in which the fluidic coupling point is established within the source flow path to branch off an adjustable volume of the fluidic sample from the source flow path via the fluidic coupling point while a flow of the fluidic sample in the source flow path continues.

An aqueous solution including salt stored in a first storage is led to a mixer through a first pipe, and an organic solvent stored in a second storage is led to the mixer through a second pipe. The aqueous solution and the organic solvent are mixed by the mixer, so that a mobile phase is produced. At least a portion of the first pipe and at least a portion of the second pipe are heated by a heater such that a temperature of the mobile phase produced by the mixer is equal to or higher than the dissolution temperature of salt included in the aqueous solution.

An aqueous solution including salt stored in a first storage is led to a mixer through a first pipe, and an organic solvent stored in a second storage is led to the mixer through a second pipe. The aqueous solution and the organic solvent are mixed by the mixer, so that a mobile phase is produced. At least a portion of the first pipe and at least a portion of the second pipe are heated by a heater such that a temperature of the mobile phase produced by the mixer is equal to or higher than the dissolution temperature of salt included in the aqueous solution.