A light guide device for conducting a light beam between a light source and a measuring unit for measuring a gas or substance concentration includes a light conductor and a holding apparatus. The conductor includes at least one coupling section, which faces, or can be arranged to be turned toward, the light source, for coupling the light beam, and a decoupling section, which faces, or can be arranged to be turned toward, the measuring unit, for decoupling the light beam. The conductor is configured to conduct the light beam between the coupling section and the decoupling section via total reflection on a boundary surface to a fluid or material that surrounds the conductor and has a smaller refractive index than the conductor. The holding apparatus is configured to hold the conductor in the fluid such that at least one primary portion of a surface of the conductor contacts the fluid.

Arrays of integrated analytical devices and their methods for production are provided. The arrays are useful in the analysis of highly multiplexed optical reactions in large numbers at high densities, including biochemical reactions, such as nucleic acid sequencing reactions. The integrated devices allow the highly sensitive discrimination of optical signals using features such as spectra, amplitude, and time resolution, or combinations thereof. The arrays and methods of the invention make use of silicon chip fabrication and manufacturing techniques developed for the electronics industry and highly suited for miniaturization and high throughput.

The present disclosure concerns an apparatus (10) and method for reading out an optical chip (20). A light source (13) is arranged for emitting single mode source light (S1) from its emitter surface (A1) towards an optical input (21) of the optical chip (20). A light detector (14) is arranged for receiving measurement light (S2) impinging onto its receiver surface (A2) from an optical output (22) of the optical chip (20), and measuring said received measurement light (S2). The emitted source light (S1) is aligned to enter the optical input (21) of the optical chip (20) and the measurement light (S2) is aligned back onto the receiver surface (A2). The receiver surface (A2) is larger than the emitter surface (A1) for facilitating the overall alignment.

Arrays of integrated analytical devices and their methods for production are provided. The arrays are useful in the analysis of highly multiplexed optical reactions in large numbers at high densities, including biochemical reactions, such as nucleic acid sequencing reactions. The devices allow the highly sensitive discrimination of optical signals using features such as spectra, amplitude, and time resolution, or combinations thereof. The devices include an integrated diffractive beam shaping element that provides for the spatial separation of light emitted from the optical reactions.

The present disclosure relates to a device for measuring an optical absorption property of a fluid as function of wavelength. The device comprises a broadband light source for emitting light, a plurality of integrated optical waveguides for guiding this light, and a light coupler for coupling the emitted light into the integrated optical waveguides such that the light coupled into each integrated optical waveguide has substantially the same spectral distribution. The device also comprises a microfluidic channel for containing the fluid, arranged such as to allow an interaction of the light propagating through each waveguide with the fluid in the microfluidic channel. Each integrated optical waveguide comprises an optical resonator for filtering the light guided by the waveguide according to a predetermined spectral component. The spectral component corresponding to each waveguide is substantially different from the spectral component corresponding to another of the waveguides.

A method of forming a semiconductor structure includes forming a first optical waveguide and a second optical waveguide on a sapphire substrate. The first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide each include a core portion of gallium nitride (GaN), and a cladding layer laterally surrounding the core portion. The cladding layer includes a material having a refractive index less than a refractive index of the sapphire substrate. The method further includes etching a portion of the cladding layer to form a microfluidic channel therein and forming a capping layer on a top surface of the first optical waveguide, the second optical waveguide and the microfluidic channel.

The present disclosure describes a device for measuring an optical absorption property of a fluid as function of wavelength. The device comprises a broadband light source for emitting light, a plurality of integrated optical waveguides for guiding this light and a light coupler for coupling the emitted light into the integrated optical waveguides such that the light coupled into each integrated optical waveguide has substantially the same spectral distribution. The device also comprises a microfluidic channel for containing the fluid, arranged such as to allow an interaction of the light propagating through each waveguide with the fluid in the microfluidic channel, and a plurality of spectral analysis devices optically coupled to corresponding waveguidessuch as to receive the light after interaction with the fluid. The spectral analysis devices are adapted for generating a signal representative of a plurality of spectral components of the light.

A semiconductor structure includes a first optical waveguide and a second optical waveguide located on a sapphire substrate. The first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide each include a core portion of gallium nitride (GaN), and a cladding layer laterally surrounding the core portion. The cladding layer includes a material having a refractive index less than a refractive index of the sapphire substrate.

A method of forming a semiconductor structure includes forming a first optical waveguide and a second optical waveguide on a sapphire substrate. The first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide each include a core portion of gallium nitride (GaN), and a cladding layer laterally surrounding the core portion. The cladding layer includes a material having a refractive index less than a refractive index of the sapphire substrate. The method further includes etching a portion of the cladding layer to form a microfluidic channel therein and forming a capping layer on a top surface of the first optical waveguide, the second optical waveguide and the microfluidic channel.

A method may include determining a thermal signal for a thermal analysis of a rock sample. The method may further include transmitting various commands to various thermal sources to produce various heat emissions. A respective command among the commands may cause a respective thermal source among the thermal sources to produce a respective heat emission based on the thermal signal. The method further includes determining distributed temperature data of the rock sample using various distributed temperature sensors in response to producing the heat emissions. The distributed temperature sensors may be coupled to the rock sample on a first rock surface and a second rock surface. The first rock surface may be on an opposite side of the rock sample from the second rock surface. The method may further include determining predicted thermal property data of the rock sample using the distributed temperature data and a machine-learning model.