A method that includes obtaining, using a processor, reflectance data from a target coating and calculating, using the processor, pivot-normalized reflectance data. The method also includes generating, using the processor, a coating formulation that is the same or substantially similar in appearance to the target coating.

A light emitting apparatus has light emitting units. The light emitting units can be respectively provided with current densities, so that the light emitted by each of the light emitting unit has a light intensity, wherein the current densities are different from each other, or partial of the current densities are different from each other. A number of the light emitting units can be larger than or equal to four, all of the four lighting frequencies of the four light emitting units are different from each other, or partial of the four lighting frequencies of the four light emitting units are identical to each other, and the light emitting apparatus and the object under test rotate relative to each other. A light emitting method, a spectrum detection method and a lighting correction method are also illustrated for increasing SNR, correcting the light intensity or the spectrum signal.

A method of reading a coupon channel that displays a test section pattern after being exposed to a target substance, the method uses a device having a computer readable memory, digital camera, logic assembly and user interface; providing a pixel target intensity profile; placing the coupon in the device and exposing the coupon channel to a test fluid mixture; automatically using the digital camera to take a digital image of the coupon channel test section after the exposure. The improvement in the method includes finding the contiguous set of pixels from the test section of the coupon channel that best matches the intensity profile of the target pattern representation and determining if this best match set of pixels exceeds a similarity threshold and in response to a best match set of pixels passing the similarity threshold, automatically providing a human perceptible indication that the target substance has been detected.

Systems, devices, and methods for a trace-gas sensor configured to generate a raw detector signal (118) based on a gas sample; an analog processing configured to filter, amplify, lock-in, and/or normalize the generated raw detector signal; analog to digital converters configured to convert the filtered and amplified detector signal to a digital signal; and a drive computer configured to: receive the converted digital signal from the analog to digital converters; and apply a spectroscopic model to the received digital signal to extract one or more properties of the gas sample.

Aspects of the present disclosure include reconfigurable integrated circuits for characterizing particles of a sample in a flow stream. Reconfigurable integrated circuits according to certain embodiments are programmed to calculate parameters of a particle in a flow stream from detected light; compare the calculated parameters of the particle with parameters of one or more particle classifications; classify the particle based on the comparison between the parameters of the particle classifications and the calculated parameters of the particle; and adjust one or more parameters of the particle classifications based on the calculated parameters of the particle. Methods for characterizing particles in a flow stream with the subject integrated circuits are also described. Systems and integrated circuit devices programmed for practicing the subject methods, such as on a flow cytometer, are also provided.

A scattered light polarimetry (LSP) sub-system of a hybrid system for characterizing stress in a chemically-strengthened (CS) substrate having a top-surface and a near-surface waveguide, includes a LSP light source system, an LSP light source actuator coupled to the LSP light source system, and an optical compensator within an optical path of a LSP laser beam emitted by the LSP light source system. The optical compensator includes a half-wave plate, a half-wave plate actuator, a diffuser, and a diffuser actuator. The LSP sub-system further includes a LSP detector system in optical communication with the optical compensator through an LSP coupling prism having a LSP coupling surface, a focusing lens and a focusing lens actuator, and a support plenum having a surface and a measurement aperture, the support plenum configured to support the CS substrate at a measurement plane at the measurement aperture, and to operably support the LSP coupling prism.

A method of reading a coupon channel that displays a test section pattern after being exposed to a target substance, the method uses a device having a computer readable memory, digital camera, logic assembly and user interface; providing a pixel target intensity profile; placing the coupon in the device and exposing the coupon channel to a test fluid mixture; automatically using the digital camera to take a digital image of the coupon channel test section after the exposure. The improvement in the method includes finding the contiguous set of pixels from the test section of the coupon channel that best matches the intensity profile of the target pattern representation and determining if this best match set of pixels exceeds a similarity threshold and in response to a best match set of pixels passing the similarity threshold, automatically providing a human perceptible indication that the target substance has been detected.

The present disclosure relates to an optical sensing module, a system and a method for operating the optical sensing system. The optical sensing module includes a light emitter that emits a sensing light in a specific wavelength range and a photodiode unit. The photodiode unit includes a first photodiode used to sense a first wavelength light, a second photodiode used to sense a second wavelength light, and a third photodiode used to sense a third wavelength light. The optical sensing module implements a proximity sensor by operations of the second photodiode and the third photodiode, or a biometric sensor by operations of the first photodiode, the second photodiode, and the third photodiode. The photodiode unit receives a reflected light from an object to be detected so as to determine if the object is proximal, and then determine whether or not the proximal object is human skin.

A light emitting apparatus has light emitting units. The light emitting units can be respectively provided with current densities, so that the light emitted by each of the light emitting unit has a light intensity, wherein the current densities are different from each other, or partial of the current densities are different from each other. A number of the light emitting units can be larger than or equal to four, all of the four lighting frequencies of the four light emitting units are different from each other, or partial of the four lighting frequencies of the four light emitting units are identical to each other, and the light emitting apparatus and the object under test rotate relative to each other. A light emitting method, a spectrum detection method and a lighting correction method are also illustrated for increasing SNR, correcting the light intensity or the spectrum signal.

A molten metal inclusion test apparatus includes a spectroscopic appliance for gathering data indicative of the contents of a quantity of molten metal. Laser induced emissions provide spectral data based on the elements present in the melt. Analysis of a series of samplings, or shots of laser induced emissions indicates a presence of elements above a background or expected level. These elements appear as spikes in a graphical rendering of the spectral data, defined by a wavelength of the detected element. Correlation of the elements detected in the same shot indicates a composition of the inclusion, typically a particle of an extraneous compound in the melt. Such spectral analysis provides immediate feedback about melt quality, allowing corrective measures to be taken prior to casting.