A system for sorting of diamonds is provided. The system comprises a conveying system including a conveyer belt to transport material sample including diamonds. Further, the system comprises an x-ray source configured to fire x-rays at the material sample. Furthermore, the system comprises an x-ray luminescence (XRL) detector configured to measure radiated intensity of the x-rays from the material sample. Additionally, the system comprises an x-ray transmission (XRT) detector configured to measure transmitted intensity of the x-rays through the material sample. Also, the system comprises a processor that is configured to: receive the radiated intensity and the transmitted intensity from the XRL detector and the XRT detector respectively; process the radiated intensity and the transmitted intensity to determine an equivalent absorption coefficient; and identify the material sample as diamond based on a comparison of the equivalent absorption coefficient and a pre-stored model species absorption coefficient.

A sample holder capable of quickly and precisely performing single-crystal X-ray structure analysis by quickly and easily soaking a sample in a crystalline sponge, and also a sample holder unit and a soaking method therefor are provided. There are provided a sample holder used in a single-crystal X-ray structure analysis apparatus is provided, the sample holder comprising a base part attached to a goniometer in the single-crystal X-ray structure analysis apparatus; a sample holding part formed in the base part to hold the porous complex crystal capable of soaking the sample in a plurality of fine pores formed therein; and a sample introduction structure formed in the base part and introducing the sample to be soaked in the porous complex.

A user-friendly single-crystal X-ray structure analysis apparatus for quickly performing a single-crystal X-ray structure analysis using a crystalline sponge and easily making it possible by including managing related information and a method therefor, are provided. There are provided a sample holder comprising a porous complex crystal capable of soaking a sample in a plurality of fine pores formed therein; a goniometer that rotationally moves, the sample holder being attached to the goniometer; an information acquisition section 600 that acquires invariable information about the porous complex crystal or variable information provided after the sample is soaked therein; and an information storage section 111 that stores the invariable information or the variable information acquired by the information acquisition section 600.

A sample preparation method includes disposing a microcrystal on an electrically conductive grid, coating the microcrystal with an electrically conductive material to yield a coated microcrystal, milling the coated microcrystal with a first ion beam to yield a milled microcrystal, and polishing the milled microcrystal with a second ion beam to yield a polished microcrystal. A length of a side of the milled microcrystal is between about 250 nm and about 500 nm, and a length of the corresponding side of the polished microcrystal is between about 150 nm and about 250 nm. Assessing the crystal structure of the polished microcrystal includes rotating the polished microcrystal while accelerating electrons toward the polished microcrystal, diffracting the electrons from the polished microcrystal to yield a multiplicity of diffraction patterns, and assessing, from the multiplicity of diffraction patterns, the crystal structure of the polished microcrystal.

Methods and systems are provided for serial femtosecond crystallography for reducing the vast amount of waste of injected crystals practiced with traditional continuous flow injections. A micrometer-scale 3-D printed water-in-oil droplet generator device includes an oil phase inlet channel, an aqueous phase inlet channel, a droplet flow outlet channel, and two embedded non-contact electrodes. The inlet and outlet channels are connected internally at a junction. The electrodes comprise gallium metal injected within the 3-D printed device. Voltage across the electrodes generates water-in-oil droplets, determines a rate for a series of droplets, or triggers a phase shift in the droplets. An external trigger generates the droplets based on the frequency of an XFEL utilized in droplet detection, thereby synchronizing a series of droplets with x-ray pulses for efficient crystal detection. The generated droplets can be coupled to an SFX with XFEL experiment compatible with common liquid injector such as a GDVN.

A method of detecting an anomaly in a crystallographic structure, the method comprising: illuminating the structure with x-ray radiation in a known direction relative to the crystallographic orientation; positioning the structure such that its crystallographic orientation is known; detecting a pattern of the diffracted x-ray radiation transmitted through the structure; generating the simulated pattern based on the known direction relative to the crystallographic orientation; comparing the detected pattern to a simulated pattern for x-ray radiation illuminating in the known direction; and, detecting the anomaly in the crystallographic structure based on the comparison.

A method for controlling the crystallographic orientation of at least one grain of a turbo engine part. The method includes emitting a beam of electromagnetic radiation through an elementary volume of the part and record diffraction information on the electromagnetic radiation passing through the part. This step is repeated on a given area of the part. The method further includes determining the crystal spatial orientation of each of said elementary volumes and deducing the presence of at least one first crystallographic grain for which the elementary volumes are oriented according to the same crystallographic orientation. The method further includes calculating the angular difference between the crystal spatial orientation of said first grain and a predetermined direction taken from the part and comparing it to a first predetermined threshold value and determining a state of use of the part.

Methods and systems are provided for serial femtosecond crystallography for reducing the vast amount of waste of injected crystals practiced with traditional continuous flow injections. A micrometer-scale 3-D printed water-in-oil droplet generator device includes an oil phase inlet channel, an aqueous phase inlet channel, a droplet flow outlet channel, and two embedded non-contact electrodes. The inlet and outlet channels are connected internally at a junction. The electrodes comprise gallium metal injected within the 3-D printed device. Voltage across the electrodes generates water-in-oil droplets, determines a rate for a series of droplets, or triggers a phase shift in the droplets. An external trigger generates the droplets based on the frequency of an XFEL utilized in droplet detection, thereby synchronizing a series of droplets with x-ray pulses for efficient crystal detection. The generated droplets can be coupled to an SFX with XFEL experiment compatible with common liquid injector such as a GDVN.

An electron diffraction apparatus measures an overall structure of a crystal of a specimen by electron diffraction. An NMR apparatus measures a local structure of the crystal by NMR measurement. An analysis apparatus combines the overall structure and the local structure to specify a structure of the crystal.

A method for controlling the crystallographic orientation of at least one grain of a turbo engine part. The method includes emitting a beam of electromagnetic radiation through an elementary volume of the part and record diffraction information on the electromagnetic radiation passing through the part. This step is repeated on a given area of the part. The method further includes determining the crystal spatial orientation of each of said elementary volumes and deducting the presence of at least one first crystallographic grain for which the elementary volumes are oriented according to the same crystallographic orientation. The method further includes calculating the angular difference between the crystal spatial orientation of said first grain and a predetermined direction taken from the part and comparing it to a first predetermined threshold value and determining a state of use of the part.