Dual-energy absorptiometry is used to estimate visceral fat metrics and display results, preferably as related to normative data. The process involves deriving x-ray measurements for respective pixel positions related to a two-dimensional projection image of a body slice containing visceral fat and subcutaneous fat, at least some of the measurements being dual-energy x-ray measurements, processing the measurements to derive estimates of metrics related to the visceral fat in the slice, and using the resulting estimates. Processing the measurements includes an algorithm which places boundaries of regions, e.g., a large abdominal region and a smaller abdominal cavity region. Two boundaries of the abdominal cavity region are placed at positions associated with the left and right innermost extent of the abdominal muscle wall by identifying inflection of % Fat values. The regions are combined in an equation that is highly correlated with VAT measured by quantitative computed tomography in order to estimate VAT.

The present invention is related to a method for obtaining dental pulp and root cement in the forensic dentistry field, wherein the method comprises the steps of: (a) obtaining a tooth; (b) taking a digital radiography to the tooth; (c) external rehydrating of the tooth; (d) perforating the rehydrated tooth; (e) internal rehydrating of dentin pulp complex (f) obtaining rehydrated root cement; (g) obtaining rehydrated dental pulp content with a low speed rotation tool; and (h) storing, preservation, processing and/or analyses of the rehydrated dental pulp content and rehydrated root cement, and the use of this method and kits thereof for forensic identification, estimation of post mortem interval (early and late) and determination of possible causes of death.

A computed tomography system has an x-ray source, x-ray detector, a gantry, and a controller configured to automatically initiate an air-calibration using the source and detector with air in an air space and to determine gain values for channels of the detector from the automatically initiated air-calibration. A computed tomography system having a patient bore, a controller, an x-ray source, and a detector is calibrated by receiving a setting for a medical scan to be performed by the computed tomography system for a particular patient, the setting being one of a plurality of optional values, scanning air and not the patient in the patient bore with the source and the detector using the setting, determining a gain value based on the scanning with the setting and not the other optional values, and scanning the patient with the source and the detector using the setting and the gain value.

Methods, apparatus, and processes which use Extreme ultraviolet radiation (EUV) and/or soft X-ray wavelengths to read, image, edit, locate, identify, map, alter, delete, repair and sequence genes are described. An EUV scanning tool which allows high throughput genomic scanning of DNA, RNA and protein sequences is also described. A database which records characteristic absorption spectra of gene sequences is also described.

The inventors discovered that viscosity of a protein solution can be estimated by measuring the apparent particle size or apparent molecular weight by a small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) method or X-ray solution scattering method, which enables measurement of small amounts of samples, and then correlating those measurement results with viscosity of the protein solution.

An electron diffraction imaging system for imaging the three-dimensional structure of a single target molecule of a sample uses an electron source that emits a beam of electrons toward the sample, and a two-dimensional detector that detects electrons diffracted by the sample and generates an output indicative of their spatial distribution. A sample support is transparent to electrons in a region in which the sample is located, and is rotatable and translatable in at least two perpendicular directions. The electron beam has an operating energy between 5 keV and 30 keV, and beam optics block highly divergent electrons to limit the beam diameter to no more than three times the size of the sample molecule and provide a lateral coherence length of at least 15 nm. An adjustment system adjusts the sample support position in response to the detector output to center the target molecule in the beam.

Provided are processes and materials for solving biological or structural information about proteins or other organic molecules. The processes capitalize on a rigid multimeric nanocage formed from self-assembling substructure proteins. The processes and materials allow for recognition and tight, optionally covalent, bonding of any protein molecule with a tag complementary to a capture sequence on the nanocage. The processes and materials may be used to obtain biological or structural information by cryo-electron microscopy and overcome prior limitations of target protein size or salt concentration.

An analytic method for improving the efficiency in identifying protein molecular effect information using low resolution x-ray crystallography, by selecting and imaging a protein sample with low resolution x-ray crystallography and assaying the data thus generated as to local ligand strain energy value, followed by calculating a real-space difference density Z for each element and compiling ZDD data therefrom, followed by determining the true protomer/tautomer state of the protein sample by calculating Score.sub.i according to the following equation so that the highest Score.sub.i signifies the molecuar effect information:
Score.sub.i={((ZDD.sub.i .sub.ZDD)/.sub.ZDD)+((SE.sub.i .sub.SE)/.sub.SE)}.

An agricultural machine includes a vibration stimulation source configured to generate a vibration stimulation signal directed toward plant matter and a sensor system configured to sense electromagnetic radiation reflected from the plant matter, generate a first signal based on the sensed electromagnetic radiation, and generate a second signal indicative of a resonant vibration response of the plant matter, that is in response to the vibration stimulation signal. The agricultural machine includes a plant evaluation system configured to, based on the first and second signals, generate plant characterization data indicative of one or more physical characteristics of the plant matter, and a control system configured to generate an action signal based on the plant characterization data.

An X-ray imaging apparatus implements a fluoroscopy that irradiates a weaker dose of X-rays than a dose on the long-length imaging toward a subject M at each location in the long-length imaging range, while moving an X-ray tube in a body axis direction relative to the subject M prior to the long-length imaging, when the long-length imaging is implemented by moving the X-ray tube 2 in the body axis direction relative to the subject M. The dose D.sub.1 at the location having the thick body thickness is less, so that the tube voltage is set up to be high as the tube voltage V.sub.1 and vice versa, the dose D.sub.2 at the location having the thin body thickness is high, so that the tube voltage is set up to be low as the tube voltage V.sub.2. The tube voltage is set up to implement a long-length imaging so that doses of X-rays that transmit the subject coincide with each other at each location based on the X-ray dose that transmits the subject M on the fluoroscopy, so that the imaging condition relative to the long-length imaging in the region in which the height (body thickness) of the subject is different from each other can be set up appropriately.