A golf ball comprising layers that have from 0.05% to 70% by weight of a radio-opaque filler, and wherein the concentration of the radio-opaque filler is measurably different in each layer is disclosed herein. The radio-opaque filler is preferably a compound based on barium, bismuth, tungsten, iodine, or reduced iron.

An image analyzing apparatus, a non-transitory computer readable medium storing a program, and a method are provided for extracting voids from a three-dimensional image of a fiber-reinforced composite material. The image analyzing apparatus includes a processor which executes image processing to the three-dimensional image. The processor binarizes the three-dimensional image and creates a binary image, transforms the binary image into a distance and creates a distance image, executes closing processing to the binary image by using the distance image, extracts voids from differences between images before and after the closing processing, among the extracted voids, classifies voids that are adjacent to a background voxel as open voids, and classifies voids that are not adjacent to a background voxel as closed voids, and executes opening processing to the open voids in order to eliminate fake voids.

A golf ball comprising layers that have from 0.05% to 70% by weight of a radio-opaque filler, and wherein the concentration of the radio-opaque filler is measurably different in each layer is disclosed herein. The radio-opaque filler is preferably a compound based on barium, bismuth, tungsten, iodine, or reduced iron.

A system and a method for measuring drilling damage in fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composites is described. Multiple holes are drilled in the FRP composite using a drill having nominal diameter, and the FRP composite is separated into multiple drilled blocks. Each block, covered with the black substrate, is scanned on a scanner to generate a scanned image depicting a hole region, a background, and delamination damage peaks. For each scanned image, a maximum delamination damage peak and a maximum diameter of a first circle concentric with the drilled hole and passing through tip of the maximum delamination peak, are measured. Further, a delamination size and a delamination factor are calculated based on the maximum diameter of the first circle and the nominal diameter of the drill.

A golf ball comprising layers that have from 0.05% to 70% by weight of a radio-opaque filler, and wherein the concentration of the radio-opaque filler is measurably different in each layer is disclosed herein. The radio-opaque filler is preferably a compound based on barium, bismuth, tungsten, iodine, or reduced iron.

A strength evaluation method is a strength evaluation method for a composite material in which a plurality of fiber layers are laminated and includes a meandering state measuring process of measuring a meandering state of fibers of the plurality of fiber layers in a direction along the fiber layers, a meandering thickness measuring process of measuring a meandering thickness that is a thickness in a lamination direction of a part in which meanderings of fibers of the plurality of fiber layers occur, and a strength evaluation process of evaluating a strength of the composite material based on the meandering state and the meandering thickness.

A golf ball comprising layers that have from 0.05% to 70% by weight of a radio-opaque filler, and wherein the concentration of the radio-opaque filler is measurably different in each layer is disclosed herein. The radio-opaque filler is preferably a compound based on barium, bismuth, tungsten, iodine, or reduced iron.

There is provided a molded article containing an amorphous resin, wherein a peak position change rate r (%) of the molded article defined by Equation: Peak position change rate r (%)=100×(Q1−Q2)/Q2 is 1 or more. In the equation, Q1 and Q2 are peak positions (nm.sup.−1) of the molded article and a predetermined reference molded article, respectively, the peak position being determined by a wide angle X-ray diffraction method. The peak position is a peak derived from the amorphous resin in a scattering vector magnitude Q-intensity profile calculated from a diffraction image obtained by a transmission method and measured by the wide angle X-ray diffraction method and obtained after background correction and transmittance correction, and the peak position is a value of Q at a peak at which Q is the smallest among peaks at which Q is in a range of 5 nm.sup.−1 to 25 nm.sup.−1.

Provided is a quality inspection method in which an inner state of a three-dimensional laminated molding can be quickly and easily inspected without destroying the three-dimensional laminated molding. To this end, the quality inspection method uses an X-ray Talbot imaging system 1 which creates a reconstructed image of an inspection object on the basis of a moire image obtained by using an X-ray detector to read X-rays which, after being radiated from an X-ray source 11a, have passed through: a plurality of grids in which a plurality of slits S are arranged in a direction perpendicular to the radiation axis direction of the X-ray; and an inspection object H placed on a subject table 13. The inspection object H is a three-dimensional laminated molding formed into a three-dimensional shape by laminating multiple layers of constituent materials. The reconstructed image is created while the inspection object H is placed on the subject table 13 in such a way that at least the lamination direction of layers constituting the inspection object H and the arrangement direction of the plurality of slits S in the plurality of grids are parallel. The inner state of the inspection object H is inspected on the basis of the reconstructed image.

There is provided a technique capable of evaluating an anisotropy of an object with a large field of view, in a non-destructive manner and with high angular resolution. An object 1 is irradiated with X-rays from a radiation source 22 of a phase-contrast X-ray optical system 2. A change characteristic in X-ray scattering intensities for individual relative angles each formed between an incident angle of the X-rays and an anisotropic structure in the object 1 are then acquired. Evaluation data for evaluating a state of the anisotropic structure in the object 1 is then generated based on the change characteristic in the X-ray scattering intensities.