A measurement head for making X-ray measurements on drilling fluid includes an inner pipe (30) having a outlet (32) and an outer pipe (34) around the inner pipe. Drilling fluid is pumped through the outlet refreshing the fluid at the outlet. The pump is then stopped. A height sensor (42) is then used to measuring the height of a meniscus of drilling fluid at the outlet (32). An X-ray head (50) including an X-ray source (52) and an X-ray detector (54) is then moved into a reproducible position above the meniscus of fluid above the outlet. The height sensor (42) may be fixed to a movable cover (40), to the X-ray head (50) or to some other part of the measurement head.

A process for optimising the removal of calcium from a hydrocarbon feedstock in a refinery desalting process, the refinery desalting process comprising the following steps: (a) mixing one or more wash water streams with one or more hydrocarbon feedstock streams; (b) at least partially separating the wash water from the hydrocarbons in a refinery desalter; and (c) removing the separated water and hydrocarbons from the refinery desalter as one or more desalted hydrocarbon streams and one or more effluent water streams; the process optimisation comprising: (i) providing at least one x-ray fluorescence analyser at at least one point in the refinery desalting process; (ii) measuring the concentration of calcium at the at least one point in the process using the at least one x-ray fluorescence analyser; and (iii) optionally adjusting at least one process condition of the refinery desalting process in response to the calcium concentration measurement in step (ii). An apparatus comprises a desalter; a line through which one or more hydrocarbon feedstock streams are passed to the desalter; optionally a line through which one or more wash water streams are passed to the desalter; and one or more x-ray fluorescence analysers configured so as to measure the concentration of calcium in water or hydrocarbons at one or more positions within the apparatus.

An improved microreactor for use in microscopy, use of said microreactor, and a microscope comprising said reactor. The present invention is in the field of microscopy, specifically in the field of electron and focused ion beam microscopy (EM and FIB), and in particular Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). However its application is extendable in principle to any field of microscopy, especially wherein characteristics of a (solid) specimen (or sample) are studied in detail, such as during a reaction.

The present invention is a device and method for the non-invasive detection of hazardous materials in an aquatic environment, wherein the device comprises a sealed housing, in which there is a fast neutron generator (101) surrounded by α particle detectors (106), and gamma quantum detector (111), wherein the fast neutron generator (101) emits neutrons in the direction of the tested object (107) through the neutron and/or gamma quanta guide (108), and the gamma quanta detector records gamma quanta emitted by the nuclei of the tested object (107) transmitted through neutron and/or gamma quanta guide (110).

An article for screening includes a top surface and a bottom surface. A forward wall, an aft wall and side walls each extend between the top surface and the bottom surface. A longitudinal recess extends at least partially across the top surface has a first lateral wall extending away from the top surface toward the bottom surface and meeting with a base wall at a predetermined angle therebetween for positioning of a liquid material relative to the first lateral wall and the base wall. The predetermined angle is for restricting data in a data range provided by a scanning operation of the liquid material to data provided within the predetermined angle between the first lateral wall and the base wall of the recess. The liquid material may be contained within a container positioned within the recess. Preferably, the article is an insert for a security screening tray.

Disclosed herein is a method comprising: causing emission of characteristic X-rays of a first element attached to a first biological analyte; causing emission of characteristic X-rays of a second element attached to a second biological analyte; detecting a characteristic of the first biological analyte based on the characteristic X-rays of the first element and a characteristic of the second biological analyte based on the characteristic X-rays of the second element; wherein the first element and the second element are different; wherein the first biological analyte and the second biological analyte are in the same solution.

A single-piece hybrid droplet generator and nozzle component for serial crystallography. The single-piece hybrid droplet generator component including an internally-formed droplet-generation channel, an internally-formed sample channel, a nozzle, and a pair of electrode chambers. The droplet-generation channel extends from a first fluid inlet opening to the nozzle. The sample channel extends from a second fluid inlet opening to the droplet-generation channel and joins the droplet-generation channel at a junction. The nozzle is configured to eject a stream of segmented aqueous droplets in a carrier fluid from the droplet-generation channel through a nozzle opening of the single-piece component. The pair of electrode chambers are positioned adjacent to the droplet-generation channel near the junction between the droplet-generation channel and the sample channel. The timing of sample droplets in the stream of fluid ejected through the nozzle is controlled by applying a triggering signal to electrodes positioned in the electrode chambers of the single-piece component.

A system includes a neutron source positionable within a wellbore to emit one or more neutrons toward a formation surrounding the wellbore. The system also includes a gamma ray detector positionable within the wellbore to detect gamma rays. Further, the system includes a gamma ray analyzer that can perform operations. The operations can include receiving data indicating detected gamma rays from the gamma ray detector. Additionally, the operations include determining, from the data indicating the detected gamma rays, an amount of activated tracer material present within the wellbore originating from non-radioactive tracer material of drill-in fluid. The operations also include determining, from the amount of activated tracer material, an amount of filtercake buildup in a wellbore, a depth of fluid-loss filtrate into the formation surrounding the wellbore, or a combination thereof.

Provided is an X-ray fluorescence analyzer capable of preventing a liquid sample from being measured in a vacuum atmosphere. A processing device is configured to analyze a sample according to an analysis condition set by a user. An analysis condition includes an atmospheric condition that defines the state of the atmosphere in a measurement chamber of a measurement device. The measurement device is provided with an exhaust device for exhausting an atmosphere in the measurement chamber. The processing device prohibits or stops the operation of the exhaust device when it is detected that the sample is a liquid by the detection device for detecting whether or not the sample is a liquid in a case where the atmospheric condition is set to a vacuum atmosphere.

The present disclosure relates to a fluid chip for an electron microscope including a lower chip, an upper chip, and a fluid channel part for supplying a fluid sample, and may attach a transmissive thin film part of a graphene material having excellent bulging resistance to a plurality of holes formed in a fluid channel part to increase the thickness of a support not serving as a transmissive window thicker than the conventional one, thereby minimizing the loss of a spatial resolution and also suppressing the bulging phenomenon of the transmissive window while supplying the fluid sample more stably. Further, the present disclosure may form an electrode which may be connected with an external electrical supply source in the fluid channel part, thereby analyzing electrochemical or thermochemical reaction of the fluid sample in the fluid channel part in real time.