A fluid sampler includes: a sample cell that includes: a substrate comprising: a first port; a second port in fluid communication with the first port; a viewing reservoir in fluid communication with the first port and the second port and that receives the fluid from the first port and communicates the fluid to the second port, the viewing reservoir including: a first view membrane; a second view membrane; and a pillar interposed between the first view membrane and second view membrane, the pillar separating the first view membrane from the second view membrane at a substantially constant separation distance such that a volume of the viewing reservoir is substantially constant and invariable with respect to a temperature and invariable with respect to a pressure to which the sample cell is subjected.

This disclosure provides a highly accurate NDIR gas sensor and a highly accurate optical device even using a simplified optical filter. The NDIR gas sensor and the optical device include: an optical filter having a substrate and a multilayer film on the substrate; and an infrared light emitting and receiving device; where the multilayer film has a structure in which a first layer and a second layer are alternately stacked; the active layer contains Al.sub.xIn.sub.1-xSb or InAs.sub.ySb.sub.1-y; and the optical filter includes a wavelength range having an average transmittance of 70% or more with a width of 50 nm or more in 2400-6000 nm, and has a maximum transmittance of 5% or more in 6000-8000 nm and an average transmittance of 2% or more and 60% or less in 6000-8000 nm.

A system (100) for producing analysis data indicative of presence of one or more predetermined components in a sample (110) is presented. The system includes source equipment (120) for directing a particle stream (130) towards the sample (110), detector equipment (140) for measuring a distribution of particles scattered from the sample (110) as a function of a scattering angle (), and processing equipment (170) for producing the analysis data based on the measured distribution of the scattered particles and on reference information indicative of an effect of the one or more predetermined components on the distribution of the scattered particles. The scattering angle related to each scattered particle is an angle between an arrival direction of the particle stream and a trajectory (160) of the scattered particle. The system utilizes different directional properties of scattering related to different isotopes, different chemical substances, and different isomers.

An optical device comprises an optical filter having a substrate and a multilayer film having layers with different refractive indexes formed on at least one side of the substrate; and an infrared light emitting and receiving device having a first conductive-type semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a second conductive-type semiconductor layer. The multilayer film has alternatively stacked first second layers each having refractive indexes of 1.2 or more and 2.5 or less, and 3.2 or more and 4.2 or less, respectively, in a wavelength range of 2400 nm to 6000 nm. The optical filter includes a wavelength range having an average transmittance of 70% or more with a width of 50 nm or more in a wavelength range of 2400 nm to 6000 nm, and has a maximum transmittance of 5% or more in a wavelength range of 6000 nm to 8000 nm.

An optical device includes an optical filter having a substrate and a multilayer film having a plurality of layers with different refractive indexes formed on at least one side of the substrate, and an infrared light emitting and receiving device. The optical filter includes a wavelength range having an average transmittance of 70% or more with a width of 50 nm or more in a wavelength range of 2400 nm to 6000 nm, and has a maximum transmittance of 5% or more in a wavelength range of 6000 nm or more of the mid-infrared range.

A sensor element for an optochemical sensor includes: a luminescence indicator, whose luminescence can be quenched with oxygen; and scavenger units to deactivate singlet oxygen, forming a chemical reaction product by reacting with singlet oxygen, wherein the scavenger units are selected to be recovered by a decomposition reaction induced thermally, photochemically or by a pressure increase of the chemical reaction product formed by the reaction with singlet oxygen.

A fluid sampler includes: a sample cell that includes: a substrate comprising: a first port; a second port in fluid communication with the first port; a viewing reservoir in fluid communication with the first port and the second port and that receives the fluid from the first port and communicates the fluid to the second port, the viewing reservoir including: a first view membrane; a second view membrane; and a pillar interposed between the first view membrane and second view membrane, the pillar separating the first view membrane from the second view membrane at a substantially constant separation distance such that a volume of the viewing reservoir is substantially constant and invariable with respect to a temperature and invariable with respect to a pressure to which the sample cell is subjected.

A continuous alpha monitor includes an air intake mechanism, which in turn includes an air mover and an air flowrate monitor, an air intake prefilter that limits particulates in the air intake mechanism to an aerodynamic diameter of 10 microns or less, and a particle size detector mounted downstream of the air intake prefilter, the air particle size detector providing an airborne dust concentration and a first distribution of aerodynamic diameters of particulates in air passing the prefilter, the particulates including depleted uranium particulates. The monitor further includes a sample filter web that collects the particulates; a solid state detector that detects alpha radiation emitted by the collected particulates; a processor that executes machine instructions embodied on a non-transient computer-readable storage medium to compute a dust loading on the sample filter web; and the processor computes an indication of alpha concentration detected by the detector mechanism.

An air kerma conventional true value determining method is provided, which addresses the problem of on-site and in-situ verification or calibration of radiation protection with existing standard reference radiation, which is large in spatial volume and unable or difficult to be moved. The method includes establishing a minitype reference radiation, selecting a proper radiation source and source intensity for providing incident rays for a shielding box, selecting a plurality of gamma ray dosimeters as samples for training a prediction model to obtain the prediction model of the air kerma conventional true value of a point of test, putting a probe of a dosimeter being verified at the point of test, recording scattering gamma spectrum measured by a gamma spectrometer, with the spectrum applied as input to the prediction model to obtain the air kerma conventional true value. The results are accurate and the reference radiation is small in size.

An ionizing radiation detection apparatus of the present disclosure includes a first drift electrode disposed inside a chamber and a first detection unit disposed inside the chamber so as to oppose the first drift electrode, wherein the first detection unit is configured to detect a first ionization electron produced through Compton scattering caused by an incident -ray inside the scattering gas, and a second drift electrode configured to emit a reference X-ray upon being excited by the incident -ray with a second detection unit disposed so as to oppose the second drift electrode and configured to detect a second ionization electron produced as the reference X-ray is photoelectrically absorbed by the scattering gas, and a control unit configured to compensate for a change in an amplification factor of a signal output from each of the first detection unit and the second detection unit.