A biosensor is provided, which comprises: a substrate; a working electrode disposed on the substrate and comprising a graphene layer; a counter electrode disposed on the substrate and adjacent to the working electrode; a reference electrode disposed on the substrate and adjacent to the working electrode; and a bio-recognition layer disposed on the working electrode. In addition, a bio-sensing system comprising the aforesaid biosensor and a method for preparing the aforesaid biosensor are also provided.

A pancreatic cancer detection method is provided, including: (a) bringing extracellular vesicles, which are in a body fluid sample derived from a subject into contact with one or more kinds of lectins; (b) measuring an amount of the extracellular vesicles bound to the one or more kinds of lectins after (a); and (c) evaluating the presence of pancreatic cancer in the subject based on the amount of the extracellular vesicles measured in (b). In addition, a pancreatic cancer detection kit is provided, including: a solid-phase carrier on which one or more kinds of lectins are immobilized; and an antibody specifically binding to a pan-extracellular vesicle membrane protein or an antigen-binding fragment thereof.

The present invention provides a method for acquiring auxiliary information useful to assist a diagnosis or treatment of prostate cancer. The method for acquiring auxiliary information of the present invention is a method for acquiring auxiliary information to assist a diagnosis or treatment of prostate cancer, and includes a step (C) of dividing a concentration value of a prostate specific antigen having a β-N-acetylgalactosamine residue at a non-reducing terminal of a sugar chain, contained in a sample derived from a living body, by a volume value of prostate of the living body to calculate the concentration value of the GalNAc-PSA per prostate volume.

Disclosed herein are methods and kits for isolating exosomes in a sample. The method comprises contacting and incubating a plurality of galectin-3-modified magnetic beads with the sample, followed by subjecting the mixture to a magnetic field and then isolating the exosomes from the magnetic beads by a lactose solution. The kit of the present disclosure comprises a plurality galectin-3-modified magnetic beads, a lactose solution having a pH value of 6.8 to 7.6, and an exosome-free buffer.

Provided is a highly sensitive and less expensive lectin-immobilized base material (for example, a lectin plate), such as lectin-immobilized base material having stable qualities and being able to be sufficiently washed after a target sugar chain-containing antigen binds thereto. Further provided is a method for immobilizing lectin to a base material therefor. Particularly provided are: a method whereby a lectin-peptide fusion, in which a peptide capable of adsorbing to a base material surface such as a polystyrene (PS) tag is fused with the N-terminal side or C-terminal side of lectin capable of recognizing a target sugar chain, is immobilized on the peptide side to a base material; and a lectin-immobilized base material produced by this method. By using the lectin-immobilized base material, a target sugar chain-containing antigen can be highly sensitively and evenly measured and, moreover, target sugar chain-containing cells, etc. can be separated (concentrated and harvested).

Disclosed is a calibrator comprising IgA having a biotin group and a biotin-binding site, the calibrator being used to obtain a concentration of an IgA aggregate in a sample.

Described herein are engineered microbe-targeting or microbe-binding molecules, kits comprising the same and uses thereof. Some particular embodiments of the microbe-targeting or microbe-binding molecules comprise a carbohydrate recognition domain of mannose-binding lectin, or a fragment thereof, linked to a portion of a Fc region. In some embodiments, the microbe-targeting molecules or microbe-binding molecules can be conjugated to a substrate, e.g., a magnetic microbead, forming a microbe-targeting substrate (e.g., a microbe-targeting magnetic microbead). Such microbe-targeting molecules and/or substrates and the kits comprising the same can bind and/or capture of a microbe and/or microbial matter thereof, and can thus be used in various applications, e.g., diagnosis and/or treatment of an infection caused by microbes such as sepsis in a subject or any environmental surface. Microbe-targeting molecules and/or substrates can be regenerated after use by washing with a low pH buffer or buffer in which calcium is insoluble.

Methods for detecting colorectal cancer or precancerous conditions such as adenomatous polyps in a subject by detection of a galactose-containing 40-kDa molecule in a serum sample from the subject are provided. Methods for quantifying the amount of a galactose-containing molecule in a serum sample are also provided. The methods can further comprise assaying the sample for the quantity of at least one additional marker to confirm the detection or diagnosis of colorectal cancer using one or more additional quantitative immune-detection assays; the additional marker can be at least one of galectin-3, a peptide derived from galectin-3, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and CYFRA21-1.

Disclosed herein are methods and systems for determining whether a cell is resistant to one or more drugs. Also, disclosed herein are methods and systems for monitoring the treatment of a cancer patient to determine whether the cancerous cells being treated are resistant to the treatment. Further, disclosed herein are methods and systems for predicting the responsiveness of a cell to a drug. Also, disclosed herein are methods and systems to determine the rate of the efficacy of a chemotherapeutic drug on a cancerous, neoplastic or damaged cells

Exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate to rapidly and easily test initial liver disease and more particularly to a monoclonal antibody for α1-acid glycoprotein, a diagnosis kit for tracking progressive chronic hepatitis and liver fibrosis in an initial phase of liver disease by measuring the concentration of asialo-α1-acid glycoprotein (AsAGP) as a hepatocyte injury marker in a sample using the antibody, and a use thereof.

Further, embodiments of the present invention provide a kit for specifically determining the degree of progressive chronic hepatitis and hepatic fibrosis from a blood sample and an immunochromatography strip, comprising a HRP-RCA II (Ricinus communis agglutinin II) conjugate or a Gold-RCA II conjugate specifically binding to asialo α-1 acid glycoprotein.