According to one aspect, an integrated circuit includes: an electronic module configured to generate a voltage at an output, and an electronic control circuit coupled to an output of the electronic module, the electronic control circuit comprising an emissive electronic component. The electronic control circuit is configured to cause the emissive electronic component to emit light radiation as a function of a value of the voltage at the output of the electronic module relative to a value of an operating voltage of the electronic module, and the operating voltage is specific thereto during normal operation of this electronic module. The light radiation emitted by the emissive electronic component is configured to diffuse to an outer face of the integrated circuit.

Optical fiber-based measuring equipment for measuring the current circulating through at least one conductor. The measuring equipment includes an interrogator and a sensing portion connected to the interrogator and configured for being arranged in the proximity of the conductor. The sensing portion includes a first input branch and a second input branch coupled by means of a splitter to a first sensing branch and to a second sensing branch. The first sensing branch includes a first optical fiber winding arranged in the proximity of the conductor, and the second sensing branch includes a second optical fiber winding arranged in the proximity of the conductor, the first optical fiber winding and the second optical fiber winding having the same number of turns that are, however, wound in opposite directions.

Optical fiber-based measuring equipment for measuring the current circulating through at least one conductor. The measuring equipment includes an interrogator and a sensing portion connected to the interrogator and configured for being arranged in the proximity of the conductor. The sensing portion includes a first input branch and a second input branch coupled by means of a splitter to a first sensing branch and to a second sensing branch. The first sensing branch includes a first optical fiber winding arranged in the proximity of the conductor, and the second sensing branch includes a second optical fiber winding arranged in the proximity of the conductor, the first optical fiber winding and the second optical fiber winding having the same number of turns that are, however, wound in opposite directions.

A voltage indicator includes a polypeptide sequence comprising a voltage-sensitive opsin domain and a capture protein domain arranged and disposed to capture a fluorescent dye ligand. When the fluorescent dye ligand is captured and the voltage indicator is bound to a cell membrane, an increase in voltage across the cell membrane causes an increase in fluorescent emission.

A voltage indicator includes a polypeptide sequence comprising a voltage-sensitive opsin domain and a capture protein domain arranged and disposed to capture a fluorescent dye ligand. When the fluorescent dye ligand is captured and the voltage indicator is bound to a cell membrane, an increase in voltage across the cell membrane causes an increase in fluorescent emission.

A safety switching apparatus for safely switching on an electrical load includes for this purpose, the functionality of two non-forcibly guided changeover switches and, in particular, their normally closed contacts, which can be monitored during a starting process without using a microcontroller. The normally closed contacts are each arranged in a separate diagnostic circuit, which are connected in parallel with respect to a test voltage. The diagnostic circuits are each monitored by a diagnostic current detection device. The excitation coils of the changeover switches can each be short-circuited via a short-circuit device if a diagnostic current continues to flow in the respective diagnostic circuit for a predetermined time period after an activated starting process.

A safety switching apparatus for safely switching on an electrical load includes for this purpose, the functionality of two non-forcibly guided changeover switches and, in particular, their normally closed contacts, which can be monitored during a starting process without using a microcontroller. The normally closed contacts are each arranged in a separate diagnostic circuit, which are connected in parallel with respect to a test voltage. The diagnostic circuits are each monitored by a diagnostic current detection device. The excitation coils of the changeover switches can each be short-circuited via a short-circuit device if a diagnostic current continues to flow in the respective diagnostic circuit for a predetermined time period after an activated starting process.

A partial discharge (PD) transducer that includes a PD sensor configured to sense a PD event of an electrical system. At least one light emitting device (LED) is arranged in series with the PD sensor. The LED is configured to receive the electrical sensor signal from the PD sensor and to generate a light signal in response to the electrical sensor signal.

A partial discharge (PD) transducer that includes a PD sensor configured to sense a PD event of an electrical system. At least one light emitting device (LED) is arranged in series with the PD sensor. The LED is configured to receive the electrical sensor signal from the PD sensor and to generate a light signal in response to the electrical sensor signal.

Provided herein are approaches for determining a status of a fuse or relay. In some embodiments, a system may include a first fuse or relay connected between a first input and a first output, and an optocoupler electrically connected with the first fuse or relay, wherein the optocoupler is operable to monitor a differential voltage of the first input or the first output. The system may further include an input/output (IO) expander receiving a status signal representing a state of the first fuse or relay, wherein only a single input port of the IO expander receives the status signal representing the state of the first fuse or relay.