A method for monitoring a semiconductor element in a semiconductor module, wherein the semiconductor module has feed lines contacting the semiconductor element, includes arranging a magneto-optical sensor in a region of the semiconductor element or of at least one of the feed lines, reflecting a polarized light signal from the magneto-optical sensor or transmitting a polarized light signal through the magneto-optical sensor, and determining a current from a polarization of the reflected or transmitted light signal.

A beam current measuring device capable of performing measurement of a beam current distribution of a charged particle beam seamlessly and continuously in an arbitrary direction is provided. The beam current measuring device includes collector electrodes whose detection regions seamlessly continue in an arrangement direction thereof.

A sensor unit has a sensor element which has a substrate and a plurality of optical components, which are integrated into the substrate, and form a plurality of integrated optical sensors. The optical sensors are an optical current sensor based on the Faraday effect, an optical voltage sensor based on the Pockels effect, an optical strain sensor and/or a wavelength sensor. Response signals from the individual sensors are evaluated in an evaluation unit, wherein the response signals from the expansion sensor and/or from the wavelength sensor are preferably used for evaluating the response signals from the other sensors.

A sensor unit has a sensor element which has a substrate and a plurality of optical components, which are integrated into the substrate, and form a plurality of integrated optical sensors. The optical sensors are an optical current sensor based on the Faraday effect, an optical voltage sensor based on the Pockels effect, an optical strain sensor and/or a wavelength sensor. Response signals from the individual sensors are evaluated in an evaluation unit, wherein the response signals from the expansion sensor and/or from the wavelength sensor are preferably used for evaluating the response signals from the other sensors.

There is provided a system for use with a fiber-optic current transducer. The system includes a processing unit configured to transduce a first light signal into a first electrical signal. The processing unit is further configured to transduce a second light signal into a second electrical signal. The processing unit is configured to remove offsets from the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal by forcing the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal to be on the same per unit basis. Furthermore, the processing unit is configured to combine the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal to produce a composite signal, the composite signal being free of the offsets. And the processing unit is further configured to linearize the composite signal to produce an output current indicative of a current flowing in a conductor disposed proximate the FOCT.

There is provided a system for use with a fiber-optic current transducer. The system includes a processing unit configured to transduce a first light signal into a first electrical signal. The processing unit is further configured to transduce a second light signal into a second electrical signal. The processing unit is configured to remove offsets from the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal by forcing the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal to be on the same per unit basis. Furthermore, the processing unit is configured to combine the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal to produce a composite signal, the composite signal being free of the offsets. And the processing unit is further configured to linearize the composite signal to produce an output current indicative of a current flowing in a conductor disposed proximate the FOCT.

Systems and methods according to these exemplary embodiments provide for methods and systems related to optical current sensors used to monitor standby power transformers, specifically fiber optical current and voltage sensors and, more particularly, to applications involving filters for use in such sensors, such as frequency tracking comb filters. According to one embodiment, a method for monitoring a connection condition of a stand by power transformer includes the steps of measuring a current flowing through a high voltage side of the standby power transformer using at least one optical current sensor disposed proximate to a current flow path of the high voltage side, using a comb filter to filter the measured current, determining whether the filtered, measured current is less than a predetermined threshold value; and generating an alarm indication that the high voltage side of the standby power transformer is unconnected.

Systems and methods according to these exemplary embodiments provide for methods and systems related to optical current sensors used to monitor standby power transformers, specifically fiber optical current and voltage sensors and, more particularly, to applications involving filters for use in such sensors, such as frequency tracking comb filters. According to one embodiment, a method for monitoring a connection condition of a stand by power transformer includes the steps of measuring a current flowing through a high voltage side of the standby power transformer using at least one optical current sensor disposed proximate to a current flow path of the high voltage side, using a comb filter to filter the measured current, determining whether the filtered, measured current is less than a predetermined threshold value; and generating an alarm indication that the high voltage side of the standby power transformer is unconnected.

A circuit board with a conductor path having a recess, an implant with left, right, lower and upper edges arranged in the recess, where the implant has first and second optical layers, a second optical layer and a conductor arranged between them, the first and the second optical layer each have at least one light-conducting structure with first and second ends, where a light-conductor is arranged in a right edge of the implant, in which respective second ends of the light-conducting structures are located, such that light fed in at the first end of the optical fiber of the first optical layer is deflected to the second end of the light-conducting structure of the second optical layer such that a beam path of the light encompasses the conductor, and the circuit also includes an optical transmitter and an optical receiver with and evaluator that form a fiber optic current sensor.

A circuit board with a conductor path having a recess, an implant with left, right, lower and upper edges arranged in the recess, where the implant has first and second optical layers, a second optical layer and a conductor arranged between them, the first and the second optical layer each have at least one light-conducting structure with first and second ends, where a light-conductor is arranged in a right edge of the implant, in which respective second ends of the light-conducting structures are located, such that light fed in at the first end of the optical fiber of the first optical layer is deflected to the second end of the light-conducting structure of the second optical layer such that a beam path of the light encompasses the conductor, and the circuit also includes an optical transmitter and an optical receiver with and evaluator that form a fiber optic current sensor.