A circuit board with a conductor path having a recess, an implant with left, right, lower and upper edges arranged in the recess, where the implant has first and second optical layers, a second optical layer and a conductor arranged between them, the first and the second optical layer each have at least one light-conducting structure with first and second ends, where a light-conductor is arranged in a right edge of the implant, in which respective second ends of the light-conducting structures are located, such that light fed in at the first end of the optical fiber of the first optical layer is deflected to the second end of the light-conducting structure of the second optical layer such that a beam path of the light encompasses the conductor, and the circuit also includes an optical transmitter and an optical receiver with and evaluator that form a fiber optic current sensor.

A circuit board with a conductor path having a recess, an implant with left, right, lower and upper edges arranged in the recess, where the implant has first and second optical layers, a second optical layer and a conductor arranged between them, the first and the second optical layer each have at least one light-conducting structure with first and second ends, where a light-conductor is arranged in a right edge of the implant, in which respective second ends of the light-conducting structures are located, such that light fed in at the first end of the optical fiber of the first optical layer is deflected to the second end of the light-conducting structure of the second optical layer such that a beam path of the light encompasses the conductor, and the circuit also includes an optical transmitter and an optical receiver with and evaluator that form a fiber optic current sensor.

An electric field sensor includes a light source; an electro-optical crystal, a first separator, a first wavelength plate, first and second light receivers, a differential amplifier, and a controller. The electro-optical crystal has light from the light source incident thereon and receives an electric field generated by an object. The first separator separates light emitted from the electro-optical crystal into a P wave and an S wave. The first wavelength plate changes a phase of light at a pre-stage of the first separator. The first and second light receivers receive the P wave and S-wave light respectively, and convert the received light into first and second electrical signals, respectively. The differential amplifier generates a differential signal between the first and second electrical signals. The controller adjusts a wavelength of the light source such that an output value of a direct-current component of the differential amplifier is within a value range.

A method and a sensor for measuring a time derivative of an AC current flowing through a measurement object are presented, wherein a Rogowski-Steinhaus-Chattock coil is aligned with the measurement object and at least one partitioning line is drawn into coil turns of the Rogowski-Steinhaus-Chattock coil and minimizes a capacitive coupling of the coil turns of the Rogowski-Steinhaus-Chattock coil among one another and/or to at least one further electrical line by virtue of the fact, that an electrical potential, corresponding to the electrical potential of the colt turns of the Rogowski-Steinhaus-Chattock con is impressed on the at least one partitioning line by means of an active feedback.

A fiber optic sensor for measuring voltage in direct current and alternating current systems is disclosed. The sensor may include an optical fiber probe containing transmitting and receiving fibers, fixed conductor elements, and a dynamic conductor element with a reflective surface or material. The reflector may be attached to a dynamic conductor. The two fixed conductors may be placed parallel to one another and coupled to a static voltage source. The dynamic conductor may bisect the fixed conductors and be coupled to a voltage source. The dynamic conductor may be spaced apart from the ends of the fibers in the fiber probe, and positioned so that light transmitted through the transmitting fiber is reflected by that surface into a receiving fiber. A light sensing means may be coupled to the receiving fiber, so light from a light reflected by the reflector body back into the receiving fibers is detected.

A method of increasing accuracy of optical sensors based on generating two sets of light waves having different velocities in the presence of a non-vanishing measurand field within a sensing element of the sensor is described. A defined static bias phase shift is introduced between the two sets of light waves. The sensor converts a total optical phase shift including static bias optical phase shifts and measurand-induced optical phase shifts into anti-phase optical power changes in at least two detector channels. The method includes steps of normalizing the optical power changes after their conversion into electrical detector signals in the two detector channels to reduce effects of uneven intensity or power of the light source and different loss or gain in the detector channels. Further methods, sensors and apparatus for temperature stabilizing such optical sensors and novel sensors are also presented.

A lightning current measuring device is provided with: a polarized light separation element which separates light output from a sensor fiber into horizontal and vertical components having orthogonal planes of polarization, a Faraday rotation angle calculation unit calculating a Faraday rotation angle through arc-sine processing of a digitized signal of the difference between the horizontal and vertical components converted to a signal through photoelectric conversion after separation by the polarized light separation element, amplifiers which amplify the horizontal and vertical components converted to a signal through photoelectric conversion after separation by the polarized light separation element, a Faraday rotation angle calculating unit which calculates a Faraday rotation angle based on a digitized signal of the difference between the amplified horizontal and vertical components, and current value conversion units converting current values based on the calculated Faraday rotation angles.

An optical voltage measurement system can include a pickoff rod, a sled, and optical componentry. The pickoff rod can be electrically connected to a power line and configured to emanate an electric field commensurate with the power line's energy. The sled can align and maintain the optical componentry in a fixed orientation to the pickoff rod. The optical componentry can include a dual RTP crystal assembly.

A method for measuring an alternating electric field is disclosed. The method includes realizing a first diffraction grating in a first location, in a core of a silica-based optical fiber, and measuring a peak reflection wavelength of the first diffraction grating. The method also includes positioning the optical fiber along a direction having a non-zero component of an electrical field generated by an alternating voltage to be measured, and coupling a substantially monochromatic light to said optical fiber surrounded by the electric field. The method further includes measuring a parameter dependent on a shift of the peak reflection wavelength due to intrinsic mechanical deformation or refractive index change of the material in which the optical fiber and the diffracting grating are realized due to the alternating electric field, and calculating a value of the electric field causing such a measured deformation or refractive index change.

A method for measuring an alternating electric field is disclosed. The method includes realizing a first diffraction grating in a first location, in a core of a silica-based optical fiber, and measuring a peak reflection wavelength of the first diffraction grating. The method also includes positioning the optical fiber along a direction having a non-zero component of an electrical field generated by an alternating voltage to be measured, and coupling a substantially monochromatic light to said optical fiber surrounded by the electric field. The method further includes measuring a parameter dependent on a shift of the peak reflection wavelength due to intrinsic mechanical deformation or refractive index change of the material in which the optical fiber and the diffracting grating are realized due to the alternating electric field, and calculating a value of the electric field causing such a measured deformation or refractive index change.