A continuous time single drive capacitance-to-voltage (C2V) converter can be employed for single sensor, balanced single sensor, or differential sensor. First sensor and/or second sensor can be employed to sense a condition. A capacitive bridge can comprise a first capacitive digital-to-analog-converter (DAC) and second capacitive DAC as a differential node. First capacitive DAC can be associated with first sensor, and second capacitive DAC can be associated with a third capacitive DAC, in series with first sensor, if single sensor is implemented or the second sensor if balanced single sensor or differential sensor is implemented. Capacitive bridge can be connected to differential input of a capacitive feedback amplifier that can be a continuous time amplifier with no signal sampling and no noise folding. Capacitive feedback amplifier can comprise capacitively coupled input common mode feedback, which can remove noise from a sensor drive, and output common mode feedback.

A circuit device can be implemented, which includes a zener diode barrier composed of one or more zener diodes. The circuit device further includes one or more detection circuits electronically in series with the zener diode (or zener diodes) of the zener diode barrier. The zener diode barrier functions as an IS (Intrinsically Safe) barrier. The detection circuit (or circuits) facilitates the production of detailed information concerning different types of events detected by the detection circuit(s).

A fast algorithm is used to study the transient behavior due to a step-like pulse applied to a nano-chip. This algorithm is carried out on a computer and consists of two parts: The algorithm I reduces the computational complexity to T.sup.0N.sup.3 for large systems as long as T<N; The algorithm II employs the fast multipole technique and achieves scaling T.sup.0N.sup.3 whenever T<N.sup.2 beyond which it becomes T log.sub.2 N for even longer time. Hence it is of order O(1) if T<N.sup.2. Benchmark calculation has been done on graphene nanoribbons with N=10.sup.4 and T=10.sup.8. This new algorithm allows many large scale transient problems to be solved, including magnetic tunneling junctions and ferroelectric tunneling junctions that could not be achieved before, and using less computing capacity.

An electric machine (e.g., motor or generator) for an electric drive system of an electric vehicle is adapted to be coupled to wheels of the vehicle for conversion between stored electrical energy and rotation of the wheels. A resolver is coupled to the electric machine having a rotor rotating with the electric machine, the resolver responding to an excitation signal to produce a position signal. A controller is coupled to the resolver to receive the position signal and coupled to the electric machine to control the conversion. The controller generates the excitation signal at a variable frequency selected as a function of an operating point of the electric machine to avoid harmonic noise peaks propagating at the electric machine. Consequently, the position signal is relatively less affected by electromagnetic noise.

Apparatus and associated methods relate to a measurement system that calculates a current in a conductor based on an odd-order spatial derivative function of signals representing magnetic-field strengths within a hole in the conductor. In an illustrative embodiment, the odd-order spatial derivative function may generate an output signal representing a spatial derivative of the in-hole magnetic field greater than the first-order. The three or more magnetic-field sensors may be configured to align on the hole's axis when inserted into the hole. When inserted into the hole, the sensors may be aligned on an axis perpendicular to a direction of current flow and be responsive to a magnetic-field directed perpendicular to both the direction of current flow and the aligned axis. Some embodiments may advantageously provide a precise measurement indicative an electrical current in the electrical conductor while substantially rejecting a stray magnetic field originating from an adjacent electrical conductor.

An input buffer is provided, which may include a noise sensor, a first follower and a subtractor. The common terminal of the first follower may be coupled to the noise sensor; a first bias current source may be coupled to the output of the first follower to generate a first noise current. The subtractor may be coupled to the first follower and the noise sensor. The noise sensor may sense the first noise current and then generate a noise cancellation current via the subtractor in order to cancel the noise generated by the first noise current.

A voltage detection circuit includes two detection capacitors, which are paired and configured differentially, first to third detection switches, a drive part, a minimum selector and a maximum selector. The first detection switch is formed of a pMOS transistor, which opens and closes a path between one of the detection capacitors and an input node. The second detection switch is formed of an nMOS transistor, which opens and closes a path between the other of the detection capacitors and an input node. The third detection switch is formed of a series circuit of a pMOS transistor and an nMOS transistor, which open and close a path between two detection capacitors. The driving part turns on and off complementarily between the first and second switches and the third detection switch. The minimum selector applies a lower one of voltages of the input nodes as a substrate potential of the nMOS transistor. The maximum selector applies a higher one of the voltages of the input nodes as a substrate potential of the pMOS transistor.

It is described an electronic device (1) for measuring an electric quantity, comprising: an analog-digital conversion module (2) configured to digitally convert time portions of an analog signal (S.sub.M(t)) to be measured alternated with time portions of a reference analog signal (S.sub.R(t)), for supplying respective first (D.sub.SM) and second pluralities (D.sub.R) of digital values and a digital processing module (3) configured to: calculate a first mean amplitude (A1) of the first pluralities of digital values, and a second mean amplitude (A2) of the second pluralities of digital values; the first and second mean amplitudes being proportional to a mean gain value of the analog-digital conversion module (2); supply a ratio value (V.sub.RT) of the first mean amplitude to the second mean amplitude, representative of a measured amplitude of the analog signal (S.sub.M(t)) to be measured.

In a rotary electrical machine control apparatus, a selection section selects a relay current limiting value or a coil current limiting value depending on whether a plurality of systems are operated or one or more but not all of the plurality of systems are operated. The system is a combination of a winding set, an inverter, and a power supply relay, which correspond to each other. The relay current limiting value is a current limiting value calculated based on the temperature of the power supply relay. The coil current limiting value is a current limiting value calculated based on the temperature of a choke coil.

An apparatus and method for detecting transient voltage at an electrical component of a circuit board is provided. The apparatus including a circuit including a comparator and a latch, wherein a first input of the comparator is electrically coupled to the electrical component, and the comparator receives a threshold voltage at a second input, where the comparator outputs either a high signal or a low signal in response to both the first input and the second input, and an output of the comparator is electrically coupled to an input of the latch such that the latch outputs a high signal in response to receiving a high signal from the comparator, and an indicator electrically coupled to an output of the latch, and where the apparatus is mounted non-permanently to the circuit board to provide a non-permanent electrical coupling between the comparator and the electrical component.