The present invention provides a voltage difference measurement circuit comprising a level shifting circuit, an ADC and a calculation circuit. In the operations of the voltage difference measurement circuit, the level shifting circuit adjusts levels of a supply voltage and a ground voltage to generate an adjusted supply voltage and an adjusted ground voltage, respectively. The ADC performs an analog-to-digital converting operation upon the adjusted supply voltage and the adjusted ground voltage to generate a first digital value and a second digital value, respectively. The calculation circuit calculates a voltage difference between the supply voltage and the ground voltage according to the first digital value and the second digital value.

An apparatus having a conducting probe configured to couple with an electrical conductor of an electrical terminal. The apparatus has a sensor in contact with the conducting probe. The apparatus has a controller electrically coupled to the sensor, where the controller is configured to monitor the sensor values, and when the sensor values comply with a monitoring rule associated with a hazardous condition, the controller is configured to initiate an action to mitigate the hazardous condition.

An intermediate relay maloperation preventing device and method based on an improved recursive wavelet algorithm is provided. The device includes a power supply module, a voltage sampling circuit, an analog-to-digital conversion module, a DSP chip, and a relay maloperation signal shielding module. The voltage sampling circuit is connected to the analog-to-digital conversion module. The analog-to-digital conversion module is connected to the DSP chip. The DSP chip is connected to and controls a relay signal control module. The voltage sampling circuit collects a voltage. An improved recursive wavelet is used to extract a voltage feature. As such, identification of a fault signal and a normal signal is achieved, and real-time fault monitoring is accomplished. The detection method may be easily implemented, exhibits good filtering performance and anti-interference capability, delivers high detection accuracy, and may accomplish real-time online monitoring of intermediate relay faults.

A light-emitting sign device according to the present invention comprises: a solar cell; a battery module comprising at least one battery in which power generated by the solar cell is stored; a light-emitting module for emitting light by the power supplied from the battery; a front panel optically coupled to the light-emitting module; and a controller for applying, to the light-emitting module, a target mode determined, from among driving modes, on the basis of an average value of solar cell voltages measured for a certain period with respect to the solar cell and a voltage value of a battery voltage measured at a certain time with respect to the battery module.

A high-accuracy synchrophasor estimation algorithm for PMU calibration is disclosed. This method can construct a dynamic phasor fitting model. Then, an iterative solution algorithm based on nonlinear fitting can be used to estimate the phasor and frequency, which can include one parameter during the iterations. Moreover, a method is disclosed for calculating the ROCOF based on the least-squares method to improve the ROCOF dynamic accuracy.

A high-accuracy synchrophasor estimation algorithm for PMU calibration is disclosed. This method can construct a dynamic phasor fitting model. Then, an iterative solution algorithm based on nonlinear fitting can be used to estimate the phasor and frequency, which can include one parameter during the iterations. Moreover, a method is disclosed for calculating the ROCOF based on the least-squares method to improve the ROCOF dynamic accuracy.

A voltage detection circuit measures a plurality of cell voltages of an assembled battery configured by connecting a plurality of cells in series. The voltage detection circuit includes a plurality of input terminals connected to respective electrodes of the plurality of cells through a plurality of voltage detection lines; a multiplexer that periodically selects and outputs voltages of a plurality of cells in a group, a plurality of series cells configured as the group; an analog-to-digital (AD) converter that AD-converts an output voltage from the multiplexer and outputs digital data of the output voltage; and a control circuit that controls a timing for the selection by the multiplexer and a timing for the AD conversion. The control circuit switches over a time interval for which the multiplexer selects each of the cells to change a period of the AD conversion.

An implant including a hermetically tightly sealed housing, wherein a control unit is arranged in the housing, and including a header, which is secured to the housing and includes at least one socket for connection to a plug of an electrode lead, and includes a communication antenna, which is electrically connected to the control unit. To achieve a reliable identification of the electrode lead with a low energy expenditure, the header has, in the region of the at least one socket, at least one electromagnetic transmission element electrically connected to a contact element which is provided on the inner wall of the at least one socket or to the ground of the implant and to the control unit, wherein the electromagnetic transmission element is electromagnetically or inductively coupled to the communication antenna. A corresponding electrode lead and a corresponding method for identifying an electrode lead are also contemplated.

A method and a circuit for measuring an absolute voltage signal, such that the circuit comprises: an A/D convertor, and a controller adapted for: a) obtaining a first digital reference value for a first reference signal having a positive temperature coefficient; b) obtaining a second digital reference value for a second reference signal having a negative temperature coefficient; c) obtaining a raw digital signal value for the signal to be measured, while applying a same reference voltage for step a) to c); and d) calculating the absolute voltage value in the digital domain using a mathematical function of the first and second digital reference value, and the raw digital signal value.

An isolated switched-mode power converter converts power from an input source into power for an output load. A digital controller senses a secondary-side voltage, such as a rectified voltage, of the power converter. The secondary-side voltage is divided down using a high-impedance voltage divider. The resultant divided-down voltage is provided to a voltage sensor within the digital controller. The voltage sensor level shifts the provided voltage, and buffers the resulting level-shifted voltage. The buffered, level-shifted voltage is provided to a tracking analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for digitization. The buffered signal provided to the tracking ADC has a high current capability, such that the voltage input to the tracking ADC may quickly converge before the tracking ADC outputs a digital value for the sensed secondary-side voltage.