A device for measuring voltage across a remote load includes a power supply configured to output a first output voltage to the remote load. A switch is selectively movable from a closed position to an open position. A measuring circuit measures a load voltage across the load when the switch is in the open position and determines a voltage difference between the first output voltage and the load voltage. The measuring circuit adjusts the first output voltage to a second output voltage to compensate for the voltage difference. A second A/D converter can also be coupled to the power supply. The second A/D converter measures a voltage across a resistor such that a change in the voltage indicates a change in the load voltage. The power supply is then adjusted to output a second output voltage to compensate for any change in load voltage.

The invention relates to a IM bias voltage determining method adapted to determine an IM bias voltage corresponding to a desired Quantum Bit Error Rate based on the following formula $Q\left(V_{\mathrm{IM}}\right)=Q_0+\frac{R_{\mathrm{err}}}{R_{\mathrm{err}}+R_{\mathrm{cor}}}$
where Q(V.sub.IM) is the QBER dependent of the IM bias voltage V.sub.IM, Q.sub.0 is the optimal minimal QBER, R.sub.err is the number of erroneous detections, R.sub.cor is the number of correct detections and V.sub.IM is the IM bias voltage.

A voltage monitoring system having a microcontroller with an analog-to-digital converter with a first channel, and a memory device is provided. The microcontroller includes a monitoring application and a hardware abstraction layer. The monitoring application sends a first encoded channel number to the hardware abstraction layer. The hardware abstraction layer determines a first channel number based on the first encoded channel number, and obtains a measured voltage value associated with the first channel number. The hardware abstraction layer sends a second encoded channel number and the measured voltage value therein to the monitoring application. If the first encoded channel number is equal to the second encoded channel number, then the monitoring application stores the measured voltage value in the memory device.

A voltage monitoring system having a microcontroller with first and second monitoring applications and a hardware abstraction layer is provided. The hardware abstraction layer obtains a first measured voltage value associated with a first channel number. The hardware abstraction layer determines a second encoded channel number based on the first channel number. The hardware abstraction layer sends a first response message having the second encoded channel number and a first measured voltage value therein to the first monitoring application. The first monitoring application commands the microcontroller to generate first and second control signals to transition a contactor to an open operational state, if the second encoded channel number is not equal to a first expected encoded channel number.

A sensor node is provided having a radio frequency (RF) circuit and a sensor interface circuit. The RF circuit wirelessly harvests energy from an external device such as a smart phone to produce a voltage at an output to charge a storage capacitor. The sensor interface circuit is configured to communicate with a sensor. In response to a request from the external device, the sensor node provides a voltage level of the capacitive element to the external device. The external device uses the voltage level to determine capabilities of the sensor node and to control sensing functions of the sensor node. In another embodiment, a method is provided to operate the sensor node.

An apparatus for locating partial discharges in a medium-voltage or high-voltage operating equipment comprises a signal detection device for detecting an electrical signal variable of the operating equipment, a filter device for low-pass filtering of the detected electrical signal variable dependent upon a filter cut-off frequency, a time detection device for detecting a signal propagation time of the low-pass-filtered electrical signal variable, and a comparison device for comparing the detected signal propagation time detected dependent upon the filter cut-off frequency with a reference propagation time for a charge pulse conducted through the operating equipment in order to determine a location of the partial discharge in the operating equipment dependent upon the result of the comparison. Also provided is a method for locating a partial discharge in medium-voltage or high-voltage operating equipment, in particular, using the apparatus.

A device for measuring voltage across a remote load includes a power supply configured to output a first output voltage to the remote load. A switch is selectively movable from a closed position to an open position. A measuring circuit measures a load voltage across the load when the switch is in the open position and determines a voltage difference between the first output voltage and the load voltage. The measuring circuit adjusts the first output voltage to a second output voltage to compensate for the voltage difference. A second A/D converter can also be coupled to the power supply. The second A/D converter measures a voltage across a resistor such that a change in the voltage indicates a change in the load voltage. The power supply is then adjusted to output a second output voltage to compensate for any change in load voltage.

An electrical circuit testing system for troubleshooting automotive electrical circuitry includes an automotive diagnostic unit that is selectively and electrically coupled to an electrical circuit in a vehicle. A housing is provided and a pair of inputs is each coupled to the housing. Each of the inputs is selectively placed in electrical communication with an electrical circuit in a vehicle. A voltmeter is coupled to the housing and the voltmeter is electrically coupled to the processor to detect voltage in the electrical circuit in the vehicle. A load circuit is positioned in the housing and the load circuit is electrically coupled to the processor. The load circuit selectively places an electrical load on the electrical circuit in the vehicle when the inputs are in electrical communication with the electrical circuit. In this way problems in the electrical circuit in the vehicle may be diagnosed.

A controller including a memory having computer-readable instructions stored therein; and a processor configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to: estimate a synthesized grid voltage vector angle at a terminal of an alternating current (AC) grid based on at least an adjusted angle, to generate Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals to control power switches of the AFE inverter based on at least the synthesized grid voltage vector angle, and to control the AFE inverter to exchange power between the AC grid and a load based on the PWM signals.

Provided herein are methods and devices for the detection, quantification, and/or monitoring of characteristics in samples. The disclosed methods and devices can be used, for example, to identify the presence and location of atrial fibrillation indicators with high spatial resolution. The disclosed methods and devices can even be used to identify the presence and location of atrial fibrillation indicators using non-simultaneously collected data.