Provided is a power detection circuit for tracking a maximum power point of a solar cell. The power detection circuit includes: an average voltage extracting unit which extracts an average voltage V.sub.PV,LPF from an external voltage V.sub.PV input from an external energy source; a ripple voltage extracting unit which extracts a ripple voltage including current information of the external voltage V.sub.PV from the external voltage V.sub.PV; a voltage-time converter which generates a ramp voltage V.sub.RAMP changing at a predetermined rate and converts the average voltage V.sub.PV,LPF and the ripple voltage into corresponding time information t.sub.1 and t.sub.2 based on the ramp voltage V.sub.RAMP; a time-digital converter which converts the time information t.sub.2 for the ripple voltage into a digital code t.sub.2 [n:0]; and a time multiplier which multiplies the digital code t.sub.2 [n:0] and the time information t.sub.1 for the average voltage V.sub.PV,LPF to output a specific voltage value.

Provided is a power detection circuit for tracking a maximum power point of a solar cell. The power detection circuit includes: an average voltage extracting unit which extracts an average voltage V.sub.PV,LPF from an external voltage V.sub.PV input from an external energy source; a ripple voltage extracting unit which extracts a ripple voltage including current information of the external voltage V.sub.PV from the external voltage V.sub.PV; a voltage-time converter which generates a ramp voltage V.sub.RAMP changing at a predetermined rate and converts the average voltage V.sub.PV,LPF and the ripple voltage into corresponding time information t.sub.1 and t.sub.2 based on the ramp voltage V.sub.RAMP; a time-digital converter which converts the time information t.sub.2 for the ripple voltage into a digital code t.sub.2 [n:0]; and a time multiplier which multiplies the digital code t.sub.2 [n:0] and the time information t.sub.1 for the average voltage V.sub.PV,LPF to output a specific voltage value.

In one example, a sensor is configured to be implanted into a patient's body. The sensor has at least one sensing element, a measurement device in communication with the at least one sensing element, and an internal wireless communicator in communication with the measurement device. The at least one sensing element includes a resistor, and the measurement device includes a capacitor. The measurement device measures a discharge time of the capacitor through the resistor so as to generate a measurement value that is proportional to a value of an anatomical property of the anatomical body, such as strain, that is observed by the sensor. The internal wireless communicator wirelessly communicates the measurement value through skin of the patient to an external wireless communicator situated outside of the patient's body.

An over-power protection circuit for a MOSFET includes an over-current protection circuit and a current limit setting circuit, and an over-power protection circuit configured to continuously monitor a voltage across the MOSFET being protected to prevent over-power conditions, and to dynamically determine a maximum current limit based on the monitored voltage and a pre-set maximum power limit.

An inverse voltage-to-current conversion circuit for providing a current that is inversely related to an input voltage of a protected device is disclosed. A first input terminal for receiving a first input voltage signal and a second input terminal for receiving a second input voltage signal. A voltage-to-time converter circuit provides a time indicator pulse signal with a pulse width related to inverse of a difference between the first and second input voltage signals. A time-to-voltage converter circuit provides a voltage indicator signal having a magnitude based on the pulse width of the time indicator pulse signal. A voltage-to-current converter circuit provides a current indicator signal having a magnitude proportional to the voltage indicator signal and inversely related to the difference between the first and second input voltage signals.

An electrical parameter measurement and calculation apparatus, method, and system, and a wireless electrical sensor. The calculation apparatus includes a first electrical signal acquisition module, a first wireless module and an electrical parameter calculation module, where the first wireless module receives a first electrical signal in a wireless manner and transmits the first electrical signal to the electrical parameter calculation module; the first electrical signal acquisition module acquires and transmits a second electrical signal to the electrical parameter calculation module; and the electrical parameter calculation module calculates electrical parameter information according to the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal. According to the wireless electrical sensor and the electrical parameter measurement and calculation apparatus, method and system, first, the use of test wires is reduced; second, the number of wireless modules used is reduced; and time information of signal sampling is synchronized, thereby realizing high-precision electrical parameter measurement.

An electrical parameter measurement and calculation apparatus, method, and system, and a wireless electrical sensor. The calculation apparatus includes a first electrical signal acquisition module, a first wireless module and an electrical parameter calculation module, where the first wireless module receives a first electrical signal in a wireless manner and transmits the first electrical signal to the electrical parameter calculation module; the first electrical signal acquisition module acquires and transmits a second electrical signal to the electrical parameter calculation module; and the electrical parameter calculation module calculates electrical parameter information according to the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal. According to the wireless electrical sensor and the electrical parameter measurement and calculation apparatus, method and system, first, the use of test wires is reduced; second, the number of wireless modules used is reduced; and time information of signal sampling is synchronized, thereby realizing high-precision electrical parameter measurement.

Provided is a current detection circuit that can detect current in a wide dynamic range, with high precision, and with good step response. Voltage that is generated between both ends of a resistor connected between a high-voltage power supply and a load is amplified by amplifiers and compared, by comparators, to the voltage of a saw-tooth wave signal; the lengths of signals indicating the comparison results from the comparators during an inclined period in which the voltage of the saw-tooth wave signal linearly and gradually increases or decreases and the length of the inclined period are detected; and the current flowing to the resistor is detected on the basis of the ratio between the detected lengths.

Provided is a current detection circuit that can detect current in a wide dynamic range, with high precision, and with good step response. Voltage that is generated between both ends of a resistor connected between a high-voltage power supply and a load is amplified by amplifiers and compared, by comparators, to the voltage of a saw-tooth wave signal; the lengths of signals indicating the comparison results from the comparators during an inclined period in which the voltage of the saw-tooth wave signal linearly and gradually increases or decreases and the length of the inclined period are detected; and the current flowing to the resistor is detected on the basis of the ratio between the detected lengths.

The average of a complex waveform measured over a time period may be determined by first converting the complex waveform to a voltage, then converting this voltage to a current and using this current to charge a capacitor. At the end of the measurement time period the voltage charge (sample voltage) on the capacitor may be sampled by a sample and hold circuit associated with an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Then the voltage charge on the sample capacitor may be removed, e.g., capacitor plates shorted by a dump switch in preparation for the next average of the complex waveform sample measurement cycle. The ADC then converts this sampled voltage charge to a digital representation thereof and a true average of the complex waveform may be determined, e.g., calculated therefrom in combination with the measurement time period.