A method for measuring a voltage using a capacitive voltage divider (CVD) and an analog-to-digital converter includes the steps of measuring a bandgap or reference voltage and determining a first code value of the bandgap or reference voltage, charging a first capacitor to a voltage to be measured and determining a second code value of voltage of the first capacitor, charging a second capacitor to a second known voltage and determining a third code value of voltage of the second capacitor, and determining the voltage to be measured by applying the first, second, and third code values.

A method for measuring a voltage using a capacitive voltage divider (CVD) and an analog-to-digital converter includes the steps of measuring a bandgap or reference voltage and determining a first code value of the bandgap or reference voltage, charging a first capacitor to a voltage to be measured and determining a second code value of voltage of the first capacitor, charging a second capacitor to a second known voltage and determining a third code value of voltage of the second capacitor, and determining the voltage to be measured by applying the first, second, and third code values.

A control system for controlling a heater includes a power converter, a sensor circuit, and a controller. The power converter supplies an adjustable power to the heater, and the sensor circuit is configured to measure an electrical characteristic of the heater. The controller is coupled to the power converter to control the power to the heater, and is configured to select a state model control, as an operation state of the heater, from among a plurality of defined state model controls. The controller controls the power supplied to the heater based on the operation state of the heater and on the electrical characteristics of the heater.

Systems and methods for measuring alternating current (AC) voltage of an insulated conductor (e.g., insulated wire) are provided, without requiring a galvanic connection between the conductor and a test electrode or probe. A non-galvanic contact (or non-contact) voltage measurement system includes a conductive sensor, an internal ground guard and a reference shield. A common mode reference voltage source is electrically coupled between the internal ground guard and the reference shield to generate an AC reference voltage which causes a reference current to pass through the conductive sensor. At least one processor receives a signal indicative of current flowing through the conductive sensor due to the AC reference voltage and the AC voltage in the insulated conductor, and determines the AC voltage in the insulated conductor based at least in part on the received signal.

Systems and methods for measuring alternating current (AC) voltage of an insulated conductor (e.g., insulated wire) are provided, without requiring a galvanic connection between the conductor and a test electrode or probe. A non-galvanic contact (or non-contact) voltage measurement system includes a conductive sensor, an internal ground guard and a reference shield. A common mode reference voltage source is electrically coupled between the internal ground guard and the reference shield to generate an AC reference voltage which causes a reference current to pass through the conductive sensor. At least one processor receives a signal indicative of current flowing through the conductive sensor due to the AC reference voltage and the AC voltage in the insulated conductor, and determines the AC voltage in the insulated conductor based at least in part on the received signal.

The present embodiments relate to a measuring apparatus and an associated measurement method. The measuring apparatus is installed on a line and includes a sensing unit having a first and a second voltage divider for producing a first and a second measurement signal with a measurement transducer. The first and second measurement signals are each forwardable via a measurement line directly to a signal transducer. The signal transducer is supplied with power via a supply line by being switchably connected to the measurement transducer.

A failure determination circuit includes a first A/D conversion circuit that continuously A/D converts a first analog signal based on a first physical quantity measurement signal, a switching circuit that receives a plurality of signals including a second analog signal based on the first physical quantity measurement signal and a first reference voltage and outputs the plurality of signals in a time division manner, a second A/D conversion circuit that A/D converts the output of the switching circuit, and a determination circuit, and the determination circuit determines a failure of the first A/D conversion circuit using a signal based on a first digital signal obtained by A/D converting the first analog signal by the first A/D conversion circuit and a signal based on a second digital signal obtained by A/D converting the second analog signal by the second A/D conversion circuit.

A system includes one or more power switches, a replica switch, a current source coupled in series with the replica switch, and a multiplexer having a first input, a second input, a third input, a fourth input, a first output, and a second output, wherein the one or more power switches are coupled between the first input and the second input of the multiplexer, and the replica switch is coupled between the third input and the fourth input of the multiplexer. The system also includes an amplifying circuit having a first input, a second input, and an output, wherein the first input of the amplifying circuit is coupled to the first output of the multiplexer, and the second input of the amplifying circuit is coupled to the second output of the multiplexer. The system also includes an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) coupled to the output of the amplifying circuit.

A system includes one or more power switches, a replica switch, a current source coupled in series with the replica switch, and a multiplexer having a first input, a second input, a third input, a fourth input, a first output, and a second output, wherein the one or more power switches are coupled between the first input and the second input of the multiplexer, and the replica switch is coupled between the third input and the fourth input of the multiplexer. The system also includes an amplifying circuit having a first input, a second input, and an output, wherein the first input of the amplifying circuit is coupled to the first output of the multiplexer, and the second input of the amplifying circuit is coupled to the second output of the multiplexer. The system also includes an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) coupled to the output of the amplifying circuit.

An apparatus including a first comparator device. The first comparator device includes a first reference current providing device for providing a first reference current and a first comparison current providing device for providing a first comparison current. The first comparator device is configured to compare the first reference current with the first comparison current to obtain a first comparison result and output a first output signal characterizing the first comparison result based on the first comparison result.