A spectrum analyzer having a memory function to adopt a digital-data-based frequency sweep scheme while achieving performance comparable to performance of a high-speed FFT spectrum analyzer, and a method of controlling the spectrum analyzer, in which the spectrum analyzer includes: an ADC for converting a BWP signal, which is at least one analog unit frequency band signal, into a digital data sample at a predetermined sample rate according to a span set by a user; a digital sweep part for sweeping the data sample passed through the ADC while digitally decimating the data sample through a decimation processing block having a two-stage cascaded structure, and processing the swept data sample to increase a frequency sweep speed; and a control unit for controlling the digital sweep part according to various items input, set, and selected by the user to perform spectrum analysis and output a spectrum analysis result.

A spectrum analyzer having a memory function to adopt a digital-data-based frequency sweep scheme while achieving performance comparable to performance of a high-speed FFT spectrum analyzer, and a method of controlling the spectrum analyzer, in which the spectrum analyzer includes: an ADC for converting a BWP signal, which is at least one analog unit frequency band signal, into a digital data sample at a predetermined sample rate according to a span set by a user; a digital sweep part for sweeping the data sample passed through the ADC while digitally decimating the data sample through a decimation processing block having a two-stage cascaded structure, and processing the swept data sample to increase a frequency sweep speed; and a control unit for controlling the digital sweep part according to various items input, set, and selected by the user to perform spectrum analysis and output a spectrum analysis result.

A telecommunications system may include a measurement receiver to confirm the presence of a MIMO signal prior to decoding signals to avoid decoding spectrum that does not include MIMO signals. The measurement receiver may determine a fast Fourier transform (FFT) spectrum for asynchronous wideband digital signals received from two or more ports. The measurement receiver may determine an average FFT spectrum based on the determined FFT spectrum and identify a bandwidth of signals present in the average FFT spectrum. The measurement receiver may identify the MIMO signals present in the bandwidth of signals and decode only the identified MIMO signals.

A telecommunications system may include a measurement receiver to confirm the presence of a MIMO signal prior to decoding signals to avoid decoding spectrum that does not include MIMO signals. The measurement receiver may determine a fast Fourier transform (FFT) spectrum for asynchronous wideband digital signals received from two or more ports. The measurement receiver may determine an average FFT spectrum based on the determined FFT spectrum and identify a bandwidth of signals present in the average FFT spectrum. The measurement receiver may identify the MIMO signals present in the bandwidth of signals and decode only the identified MIMO signals.

In an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure, a signal analyzer includes at least one noise reduction system in the form of an adaptive noise reduction system. The adaptive noise reduction system executes an adaptive noise floor extension (NFE) procedure that includes determining a predicted standard deviation of a response by the signal analyzer to intrinsic noise in the signal analyzer when various signal processing parameters desired by a user are applied to an input signal. The predicted standard deviation is then used in the signal analyzer to select and apply various noise subtraction values upon the input signal before displaying of a signal spectrum of the input signal upon a display of the signal analyzer. The adaptive NFE procedure is directed at reducing or eliminating various ambiguities and/or errors in the displayed signal spectrum.

In an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure, a signal analyzer includes at least one noise reduction system in the form of an adaptive noise reduction system. The adaptive noise reduction system executes an adaptive noise floor extension (NFE) procedure that includes determining a predicted standard deviation of a response by the signal analyzer to intrinsic noise in the signal analyzer when various signal processing parameters desired by a user are applied to an input signal. The predicted standard deviation is then used in the signal analyzer to select and apply various noise subtraction values upon the input signal before displaying of a signal spectrum of the input signal upon a display of the signal analyzer. The adaptive NFE procedure is directed at reducing or eliminating various ambiguities and/or errors in the displayed signal spectrum.

A telecommunications system may include a measurement receiver to confirm the presence of a MIMO signal prior to decoding signals to avoid decoding spectrum that does not include MIMO signals. The measurement receiver may determine a fast Fourier transform (FFT) spectrum for asynchronous wideband digital signals received from two or more ports. The measurement receiver may determine an average FFT spectrum based on the determined FFT spectrum and identify a bandwidth of signals present in the average FFT spectrum. The measurement receiver may identify the MIMO signals present in the bandwidth of signals and decode only the identified MIMO signals.

A telecommunications system may include a measurement receiver to confirm the presence of a MIMO signal prior to decoding signals to avoid decoding spectrum that does not include MIMO signals. The measurement receiver may determine a fast Fourier transform (FFT) spectrum for asynchronous wideband digital signals received from two or more ports. The measurement receiver may determine an average FFT spectrum based on the determined FFT spectrum and identify a bandwidth of signals present in the average FFT spectrum. The measurement receiver may identify the MIMO signals present in the bandwidth of signals and decode only the identified MIMO signals.

An electrochemically active material is represented by general formula (I): Si.sub.uSn.sub.vM.sub.1wM.sub.2x[P.sub.0.2O.sub.0.8].sub.y.A.sub.z(I) where u, v, w, x, y, and z represent atomic % values and u+v+w+x+y+z=100, M.sub.1 includes a metal element or combinations of metal elements selected from Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zr, B, carbon, or alloys thereof, M.sub.2 includes a metal element or combinations of metal elements selected from Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Zr, or alloys thereof, A is an inactive phase other than a phosphate or silicide, and 0<u<90, 0v<20, 0<w<50, 0<x<20, 0<y<20, and 0z<50.