A system (800) for determining frequency spacings to prevent intermodulation distortion signal interference is provided. The system (800) includes a sensor assembly (810) and a meter verification module (820) communicatively coupled to the sensor assembly (810). The meter verification module (820) is configured to determine a frequency of a first signal to be applied to a sensor assembly (810) of a vibratory meter and set a demodulation window about the frequency of the first signal. The meter verification module (800) is also configured to determine a frequency of the second signal to be applied to the sensor assembly such that a frequency of an intermodulation distortion signal generated by the first signal and the second signal is outside the demodulation window.

An Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD)-based noise estimation process is disclosed herein that allows for blind estimations of noise power for a given signal under test. The EMD-based noise estimation process is non-parametric and adaptive to a signal, which allows the EMD-based noise estimation process to operate without necessarily having a priori knowledge about the received signal. Existing approaches to spectrum sensing such as Energy Detector (ED) and Maximum Eigenvalue Detector (MED), for example, may be modified to utilize a EMD-based noise estimation process consistent with the present disclosure to shift the same from semi-blind category to fully-blind category.

An Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD)-based noise estimation process is disclosed herein that allows for blind estimations of noise power for a given signal under test. The EMD-based noise estimation process is non-parametric and adaptive to a signal, which allows the EMD-based noise estimation process to operate without necessarily having a priori knowledge about the received signal. Existing approaches to spectrum sensing such as Energy Detector (ED) and Maximum Eigenvalue Detector (MED), for example, may be modified to utilize a EMD-based noise estimation process consistent with the present disclosure to shift the same from semi-blind category to fully-blind category.

A test device can be used with an Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) fronthaul and to test an uplink communication channel. The test device determines an uplink communication channel for passive intermodulation distortion (PIM) testing. The test device generates and transmits control plane (C-plane) messages to request the future RBs from an O-RAN radio unit (O-RU) installed at a cell site according to a delay time period. The test device receives user plane (U-Plane) messages from the O-RU containing data for the future RBs, and determines whether PIM is detected.

A test device can be used with an Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) fronthaul and to test an uplink communication channel. The test device determines an uplink communication channel for passive intermodulation distortion (PIM) testing. The test device generates and transmits control plane (C-plane) messages to request the future RBs from an O-RAN radio unit (O-RU) installed at a cell site according to a delay time period. The test device receives user plane (U-Plane) messages from the O-RU containing data for the future RBs, and determines whether PIM is detected.

A digital power metering system with serial peripheral interface (SPI) multimaster communications is provided. A digital power meter is provided that includes at least one sensor that senses analog electrical parameters on electricity transmission lines from an electrical power distribution system, at least one analog-to-digital converter that receives the analog electrical parameters from the at least one sensor and converts the analog electrical parameters to sampled data; at least one processing device that performs calculations to determine power usage based on the sampled data and control overall operation of the meter, and a Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), wherein the at least one processing device includes a plurality of processing devices, the SPI allowing one of the plurality of processing devices to become a master and the other processing devices of the plurality of processing devices to become slaves.

A digital power metering system with serial peripheral interface (SPI) multimaster communications is provided. A digital power meter is provided that includes at least one sensor that senses analog electrical parameters on electricity transmission lines from an electrical power distribution system, at least one analog-to-digital converter that receives the analog electrical parameters from the at least one sensor and converts the analog electrical parameters to sampled data; at least one processing device that performs calculations to determine power usage based on the sampled data and control overall operation of the meter, and a Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), wherein the at least one processing device includes a plurality of processing devices, the SPI allowing one of the plurality of processing devices to become a master and the other processing devices of the plurality of processing devices to become slaves.

A test device can be used with an Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) fronthaul and to test an uplink communication channel. The test device determines an uplink communication channel for passive intermodulation distortion (PIM) testing. The test device generates and transmits control plane (C-plane) messages to request the future RBs from an O-RAN radio unit (O-RU) installed at a cell site according to a delay time period. The test device receives user plane (U-Plane) messages from the O-RU containing data for the future RBs, and determines whether PIM is detected.

A test device can be used with an Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) fronthaul and to test an uplink communication channel. The test device determines an uplink communication channel for passive intermodulation distortion (PIM) testing. The test device generates and transmits control plane (C-plane) messages to request the future RBs from an O-RAN radio unit (O-RU) installed at a cell site according to a delay time period. The test device receives user plane (U-Plane) messages from the O-RU containing data for the future RBs, and determines whether PIM is detected.

The device for detecting a leak may include: an earth voltage measuring unit measuring earth voltage; an ADC unit sampling the measured earth voltage and converting the sampled earth voltage into a digital value; an effective value calculating unit calculating an effective value of the earth voltage converted into the digital value; a Fourier transforming unit performing Fourier transform of the measured earth voltage to calculate voltage for each harmonic component; a content rate calculating unit calculating a voltage content rate of the fundamental frequency to voltage; a harmonic distortion rate calculating unit calculating a total harmonic distortion and a harmonic distortion factor based on the voltage for each harmonic component; a zero-crossing estimating unit estimating a zero-crossing count; and a suspicious earth leaking area determining unit determining that the earth voltage is generated by the leak of the AC commercial power.