A calculation method includes acquiring N matrices corresponding to N sets, each of N matrices being a matrix of a circuit network including first and second terminals, each of N sets being a set of first voltage applied to first terminal and second voltage applied to second terminal, and extracting values of L parameters based on N matrices using a first model of an intrinsic circuit and a second model of a distributed constant circuit. First model is represented by a function of at least one of first voltage and second voltage, each of L/2 impedance elements includes first end connected to one of first to sixth terminals, and second end connected to terminal other than the one of first to sixth terminals, and second model is represented by values of L parameters including two real number parameters related to impedance of each of L/2 impedance elements.

A system and method for measurement of one or more parameters of a power grid (10) is disclosed. This comprises determining a plurality of events in at least one power waveform on the power grid using at least two sensors (30, 50) and recording timings of the plurality of events in at least two different locations in the power grid. The data gathered is used to determine differences between the timings recorded in the at least two locations. A processing unit (40) is used to analyze the differences of the timings to determine the one or more parameters. These parameters include power flow, short circuits, and breaks in the power grid (10).

A system and method for testing a network of electromagnetic interference components within a unit under test (UUT) of an aircraft, the UUT having at least one of an input port or an output port electrically coupled to the network, the method including: generating a radio frequency (RF) signal swept over a prescribed frequency range; applying the generated RF signal to the UUT; measuring a resultant signature at the at least one input port or output port; comparing the measured resultant signature with a baseline signature corresponding to the respective at least one input port or output port, the baseline signature representing normal operation of the UUT; and determining the UUT is out of specification when the measured signal and the baseline signature do not correspond to one another within a prescribed envelope.

A system and method for testing a network of electromagnetic interference components within a unit under test (UUT) of an aircraft, the UUT having at least one of an input port or an output port electrically coupled to the network, the method including: generating a radio frequency (RF) signal swept over a prescribed frequency range; applying the generated RF signal to the UUT; measuring a resultant signature at the at least one input port or output port; comparing the measured resultant signature with a baseline signature corresponding to the respective at least one input port or output port, the baseline signature representing normal operation of the UUT; and determining the UUT is out of specification when the measured signal and the baseline signature do not correspond to one another within a prescribed envelope.

A signal generating method for generating a visible light signal is provided. The method includes determining, as a method for transmitting a visible light signal from a transmitter, one of a single-frame transmitting method for transmitting data as one frame and a multiple-frame transmitting method for transmitting the data while dividing the data into a plurality of frames. The method further includes, when the multiple-frame transmitting method is determined, generating partition type information indicating a type of data to be transmitted, and generating combination data by adding the partition type information to the data to be transmitted. Further, the method includes generating the plurality of frames each of which includes each of a plurality of data parts by dividing the combination data into the plurality of data parts, and generating the visible light signal by adding a preamble to a head of each of the plurality of frames.

A signal generating method for generating a visible light signal is provided. The method includes determining, as a method for transmitting a visible light signal from a transmitter, one of a single-frame transmitting method for transmitting data as one frame and a multiple-frame transmitting method for transmitting the data while dividing the data into a plurality of frames. The method further includes, when the multiple-frame transmitting method is determined, generating partition type information indicating a type of data to be transmitted, and generating combination data by adding the partition type information to the data to be transmitted. Further, the method includes generating the plurality of frames each of which includes each of a plurality of data parts by dividing the combination data into the plurality of data parts, and generating the visible light signal by adding a preamble to a head of each of the plurality of frames.

In general, techniques are described for filter media monitoring within a filtration system. The filter media monitoring techniques described herein include, for example, direct contact with the filter media, e.g., a sensor may be located inside a boundary defined by a surface of the filter media, or indirect contact with the filter media, e.g., a sensor may be located outside the boundary defined by the surface of the filter media such that the sensor does not make direct physical contact with the filter media being monitored.

In general, techniques are described for filter media monitoring within a filtration system. The filter media monitoring techniques described herein include, for example, direct contact with the filter media, e.g., a sensor may be located inside a boundary defined by a surface of the filter media, or indirect contact with the filter media, e.g., a sensor may be located outside the boundary defined by the surface of the filter media such that the sensor does not make direct physical contact with the filter media being monitored.

A method and a system are described for monitoring a condition of an electrical cable. The method comprises applying a broadband signal wave to a first end of the electrical cable, wherein the broadband signal wave is phase and amplitude modulated and acquiring the phase and amplitude modulated broadband signal wave transmitted and reflected by the electrical cable. Signal analyses is performed which results in establishing a relationship between a real and an imaginary part of a phase impedance spectrum Fourier transform of the power spectrum in an interval around at least one of the locations along the cable, and identifying impedance changes in these locations. Analyzing a second order reflection of the broadband signal in said identified fault locations may establish a local degradation severity of an identified fault in the cable insulation in at least one of the locations along the cable.

A method and a system are described for monitoring a condition of an electrical cable. The method comprises applying a broadband signal wave to a first end of the electrical cable, wherein the broadband signal wave is phase and amplitude modulated and acquiring the phase and amplitude modulated broadband signal wave transmitted and reflected by the electrical cable. Signal analyses is performed which results in establishing a relationship between a real and an imaginary part of a phase impedance spectrum Fourier transform of the power spectrum in an interval around at least one of the locations along the cable, and identifying impedance changes in these locations. Analyzing a second order reflection of the broadband signal in said identified fault locations may establish a local degradation severity of an identified fault in the cable insulation in at least one of the locations along the cable.