Systems and methods for detecting low-loss eigenmodes of a spherical waveguide bounded by the Earth's surface and its ionosphere are disclosed. One or more eigenmodes of the Earth-ionosphere waveguide may be computed based on a mathematical model incorporating electrical properties of the terrestrial surface and plasma physics of the ionospheric layer. A transmitter apparatus may be used transmit electrical power into the Earth-ionosphere waveguide in the form of an electromagnetic wave, which may, in turn, be detected by a receiver apparatus remote from the transmitter apparatus. A coupling strength between the transmitted electromagnetic wave and the one or more eigenmodes may be determined by measuring power received by the receiver apparatus in the detected electromagnetic wave. By iteratively adjusting parameters of the transmitter apparatus, determining the coupling strength, and refining a quantitative description of the eigenmodes, the eigenmodes may be harnessed for wireless power transmission throughout the Earth-ionosphere waveguide.

An RF electronic impedance tuner uses multiple PIN diodes, Varactors or MOSFETs, mounted in a low loss slab-line, between the bottom surface of the center conductor and ground, are DC controlled individually and spaced appropriately along the slab-line in order to generate maximum Gamma and bandwidth. The electronic tuner is combined with a slide screw tuner, using the same slab-line in various configurations, before, after or sharing the same slab-line section, mounted on top of each-other. Calibration on a VNA allows high Gamma and harmonic tuning.

An RF electronic impedance tuner uses multiple PIN diodes, Varactors or MOSFETs, mounted in a low loss slab-line, between the bottom surface of the center conductor and ground, are DC controlled individually and spaced appropriately along the slab-line in order to generate maximum Gamma and bandwidth. The electronic tuner is combined with a slide screw tuner, using the same slab-line in various configurations, before, after or sharing the same slab-line section, mounted on top of each-other. Calibration on a VNA allows high Gamma and harmonic tuning.

A wireless power transmission system, and a method for controlling wireless power transmission and wireless power reception are provided. According to an aspect, a method for controlling a wireless power transmission may include: detecting a plurality of target devices used to wirelessly receive power; selecting a source resonating unit from among a plurality of source resonating units, based on the amount of power to be transmitted to one or more of the plurality of target devices, a coupling factor associated with one or more of the plurality of target devices, or both; and wirelessly transmitting power to a target device using the selected source resonating unit.

A wireless power transmission system, and a method for controlling wireless power transmission and wireless power reception are provided. According to an aspect, a method for controlling a wireless power transmission may include: detecting a plurality of target devices used to wirelessly receive power; selecting a source resonating unit from among a plurality of source resonating units, based on the amount of power to be transmitted to one or more of the plurality of target devices, a coupling factor associated with one or more of the plurality of target devices, or both; and wirelessly transmitting power to a target device using the selected source resonating unit.

A multi-stage process for the production of an ISO 8217 Table 2 residual marine fuel Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil from a Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil that is ISO 8217:2017 Table 2 compliant except for the Environmental Contaminants involves a Reaction System composed of one or more reactor vessels selected from a group reactor wherein one or more reactor vessels contains one or more reaction sections configured to promote the transformation of the Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil to the Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil has an Environmental Contaminant level less than 0.5 wt % and preferably a maximum sulfur content (ISO 14596 or ISO 8754) between the range of 0.05 mass % to 0.5 mass %. A process plant for conducting the process for conducting the process is also disclosed.

A multi-stage process for the production of an ISO 8217 Table 2 residual marine fuel Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil from a Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil that is ISO 8217:2017 Table 2 compliant except for the Environmental Contaminants involves a Reaction System composed of one or more reactor vessels selected from a group reactor wherein one or more reactor vessels contains one or more reaction sections configured to promote the transformation of the Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil to the Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil has an Environmental Contaminant level less than 0.5 wt % and preferably a maximum sulfur content (ISO 14596 or ISO 8754) between the range of 0.05 mass % to 0.5 mass %. A process plant for conducting the process for conducting the process is also disclosed.

A multi-stage process for the production of an ISO 8217 Table 2 residual marine fuel Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil from a Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil that is ISO 8217:2017 Table 2 compliant except for the Environmental Contaminants involves a Reaction System composed of one or more reactor vessels selected from a group reactor wherein said one or more reactor vessels contains one or more reaction sections configured to promote the transformation of the Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil to the Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil has an Environmental Contaminant level less than 0.5 wt % and preferably a maximum sulfur content (ISO 14596 or ISO 8754) between the range of 0.05 mass % to 0.5 mass %. A process plant for conducting the process for conducting the process is also disclosed.

A multi-stage process for the production of an ISO 8217 Table 2 residual marine fuel Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil from a Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil that is ISO 8217:2017 Table 2 compliant except for the Environmental Contaminants involves a Reaction System composed of one or more reactor vessels selected from a group reactor wherein said one or more reactor vessels contains one or more reaction sections configured to promote the transformation of the Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil to the Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil has an Environmental Contaminant level less than 0.5 wt % and preferably a maximum sulfur content (ISO 14596 or ISO 8754) between the range of 0.05 mass % to 0.5 mass %. A process plant for conducting the process for conducting the process is also disclosed.

A measuring device for determining the dielectric value of a medium in a phase-based manner comprises a measurement section which can be brought into contact with the medium, a signal generation unit for injecting a high-frequency signal at a defined frequency into the measurement section, and an evaluation unit designed to receive a corresponding reception signal after said high-frequency signal passes through the measurement section, to determine a phase shift between the high-frequency signal and the reception signal, and to determine the dielectric value of the medium on the basis of the determined phase shift. The measuring device also comprises at least one filter which transmits the frequency of the high-frequency signal and is arranged such that the received reception signal and/or the generated high-frequency signal is/are filtered. This ensures that the determined dielectric value is not distorted by noise caused by components or the environment.