Hundreds of thousands of concrete bridges, buildings etc. and hundreds of billions of tons of concrete require characterization throughout the process from manufacture to pouring and curing and on throughout service life. The characterization may relate to initial concrete properties, projected concrete properties, framework removal, corrosion, failure etc. Accordingly, a variety of measurements such as water content, electrical resistivity, and half-cell corrosion potential for example would be beneficially implemented as easy to use field test equipment or embedded sensors allowing lifetime monitoring to be performed rather than discrete assessments when issues become evident.

In at least one embodiment an apparatus for diagnosing electronics in an insulation resistance monitoring system is provided. The apparatus includes a controller for being electrically coupled to a plurality of electronics including a plurality of switches that are electrically coupled to a positive branch and to a negative branch in a high voltage network and a low voltage network. The plurality of electronics is configured to perform insulation resistance monitoring in a vehicle. The controller is further configured to at least one of activate and deactivate any number of the plurality of switches to determine an overall voltage of the positive branch and the negative branch. The controller is further configured to detect a fault in at least one of the positive branch and the negative branch that corresponds to a failure of any one of the plurality of electronics based on the overall voltage.

A self-powered current sensor is described. The self-powered current sensor including an electrical signal input configured to receive a current signal. Further, the self-powered current sensor includes a power circuit configured to generate a power voltage from an electrical signal. The self-powered current sensor also includes a variable resistor configured to set a value corresponding to one or more indicators on the electrical sensor and an amplifier coupled with a variable resistor and a power circuit. And, the self-powered current sensor includes an alarm coupled with an amplifier, an alarm configured to activate based on a value set by said variable resistor.

The apparatus and method of the present invention is a closed loop system that obtains, stores and transfers motive energy. Preferably, the majority of the electricity generated by the method of the present invention is utilized to service a load or supplied to the grid. A portion of the electric power produced is used to recharge the batteries for subsequent use of the electric motor. The system of the present invention controls and manages the battery power by controlling the charging and discharging of the battery reservoir via a series of electrical and mechanical innovations controlled by electronic instruction using a series of devices to analyze, optimize and perform power production and charging functions in sequence to achieve its purpose.

The apparatus and method of the present invention is a closed loop system that obtains, stores and transfers motive energy. Preferably, the majority of the electricity generated by the method of the present invention is utilized to service a load or supplied to the grid. A portion of the electric power produced is used to recharge the batteries for subsequent use of the electric motor. The system of the present invention controls and manages the battery power by controlling the charging and discharging of the battery reservoir via a series of electrical and mechanical innovations controlled by electronic instruction using a series of devices to analyze, optimize and perform power production and charging functions in sequence to achieve its purpose.

The present disclosure is directed to an electronic circuit having a Hall effect element and a resistor bridge, all disposed over a common semiconductor substrate. The resistor bridge includes a first set of resistive elements having a first vertical epitaxial resistor and a first lateral epitaxial resistor coupled in series, and a second set of resistive elements having a second vertical epitaxial resistor and a second lateral epitaxial resistor coupled in series. The first set of resistive elements and the second set of resistive elements can be coupled in parallel. The resistor bridge can be configured to sense a stress value of the Hall effect element.

The present invention relates to a system for detecting deposits or chemical inhibitor close to or on the surface of electrodes or pins facing a fluid flow where any combination of the components oil, water, gas and a chemical inhibitor fluid could be present, and where the electrodes or pins are coupled to measuring means for monitoring the electrical characteristics of the flow, the electrical characteristics including the complex impedance or complex permittivity. The system comprises detecting means transmitting a signal indicating presence of deposit or chemical inhibitor if the real part of the complex impedance, in case of hydrocarbon continuous flow, or the imaginary part of the complex impedance, in case of water continuous flow deviates from predetermined limits related to the electrical characteristics of the said flow.

A voltage sensing circuit includes a difference voltage sensing circuit and a leakage cancelling circuit. The difference voltage sensing circuit includes two sensing capacitors, a first sensing switch, a second sensing switch, and a third sensing switch. A first group including the first sensing switch and the second sensing switch and a second group including the third sensing switch are complementally turned on and turned off. The leakage cancelling circuit includes two compensation capacitors, a first compensation switch, a second compensation switch, and a third compensation switch. A third group including the first compensation switch and the second compensation switch and a fourth group including the third compensation switch are complementally turned on and turned off.

Examples are generally directed to techniques for monitoring and controlling heating elements in wind turbine blades and the wind turbine blades. One example of the present disclosure is a method of monitoring and controlling a condition of a heating element in a wind turbine blade and the wind turbine blade. The method includes measuring a voltage applied to the heating element and measuring the current flowing through the heating element. The method further includes calculating a resistance of the heating element using the measured voltage and the measured current and storing the resistance in a database. The method further includes determining whether an event corresponding to a failure of the wind turbine blade or the heating element in the wind turbine blade has occurred. When the event occurs, control of the heating element is adjusted.

Examples are generally directed to techniques for monitoring and controlling heating elements in wind turbine blades and the wind turbine blades. One example of the present disclosure is a method of monitoring and controlling a condition of a heating element in a wind turbine blade and the wind turbine blade. The method includes measuring a voltage applied to the heating element and measuring the current flowing through the heating element. The method further includes calculating a resistance of the heating element using the measured voltage and the measured current and storing the resistance in a database. The method further includes determining whether an event corresponding to a failure of the wind turbine blade or the heating element in the wind turbine blade has occurred. When the event occurs, control of the heating element is adjusted.