An arrangement includes a plurality of peripheral units and with a sensor, each of the plurality of peripheral units being provided with a connection for connecting the sensor to a supply voltage, includes a sensor input for connecting the sensor, and also includes a measuring resistor for acquiring a sensor current that represents a signal state, where a redundant acquisition and evaluation of the sensor current or a redundant operation of the sensor is permitted on the plurality of peripheral units via suitable measures.

According to one embodiment, a semiconductor module comprises a substrate, a first wiring, an electrode pad, a junction, an oscillator, and a detector. The first wiring is disposed on the substrate, and has a characteristic impedance Z0. The electrode pad is connected to the first wiring. The junction is disposed on the electrode pad, and has an impedance Z1. The oscillator is disposed in contact with the first wiring, and oscillates a pulse wave of a voltage toward the junction via the first wiring. The detector is disposed in contact with the first wiring, and detects an output wave of the pulse wave from the junction. The characteristic impedance Z0 and the impedance Z1 satisfy a following relationship (1), $\begin{array}{cc}.Math.\frac{Z0-Z1}{Z0}.Math.\le 0.05.& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

According to one embodiment, a semiconductor module comprises a substrate, a first wiring, an electrode pad, a junction, an oscillator, and a detector. The first wiring is disposed on the substrate, and has a characteristic impedance Z0. The electrode pad is connected to the first wiring. The junction is disposed on the electrode pad, and has an impedance Z1. The oscillator is disposed in contact with the first wiring, and oscillates a pulse wave of a voltage toward the junction via the first wiring. The detector is disposed in contact with the first wiring, and detects an output wave of the pulse wave from the junction. The characteristic impedance Z0 and the impedance Z1 satisfy a following relationship (1), $\begin{array}{cc}.Math.\frac{Z0-Z1}{Z0}.Math.\le 0.05.& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

A method for calibrating a current sensor which is configured to determine, in a vehicle's on-board power system, an electric operating current which flows through a measuring resistor, based on comparison of a voltage drop at the measuring resistor caused by the operating current and based on a rule which is dependent on the measuring resistor, including: determining an operating voltage drop brought about at the measuring resistor by the operating current; impressing a known electric calibration current into the measuring resistor, detecting an overall voltage drop brought about at the measuring resistor by the calibration current and the operating current, filtering the operating voltage drop from the overall voltage drop, such that a calibration voltage drop which is brought about by the calibration current remains, and calibrating the rule, dependent on the measuring resistor, based on the comparison of the calibration current and the calibration voltage drop.

A method for calibrating a current sensor which is configured to determine, in a vehicle's on-board power system, an electric operating current which flows through a measuring resistor, based on comparison of a voltage drop at the measuring resistor caused by the operating current and based on a rule which is dependent on the measuring resistor, including: determining an operating voltage drop brought about at the measuring resistor by the operating current; impressing a known electric calibration current into the measuring resistor, detecting an overall voltage drop brought about at the measuring resistor by the calibration current and the operating current, filtering the operating voltage drop from the overall voltage drop, such that a calibration voltage drop which is brought about by the calibration current remains, and calibrating the rule, dependent on the measuring resistor, based on the comparison of the calibration current and the calibration voltage drop.

A system may comprise: an excitation current source; a first electrode coupled to the excitation current source; and a second electrode coupled to the excitation current source. The first and second electrodes may be configured to pass an excitation current from the excitation current source through a human body. First and second calibration resistors may be coupled to and positioned between the excitation current source and the first electrode. Third and fourth calibration resistors may be coupled to and positioned between the excitation current source and the second electrode. The system may also comprise a sensor configured to measure voltages across each of the first, second, third, and fourth calibration resistors.

The disclosure provides an electronic cigarette capable of dose control and a control method thereof. The electronic cigarette includes a housing, a liquid storage chamber, a vaporizing device, a battery, an airflow sensor, and a control circuit. The control circuit includes a microcontroller, a power control unit, a timing unit, an energy statistics and conversion unit, and an indication unit. The microcontroller is preset with preset parameters including a preset dose threshold. The airflow sensor detects airflow during vaping, then the power control unit supplies power for a heating unit, and the timing unit starts timing, the power control unit detects power of the heating unit, the energy statistics and conversion unit calculates and converts consumption of electric energy into a dose of consumed cigarette liquid, when the dose of consumed cigarette liquid reaches the preset dose threshold, the indication unit provides an indication.

The disclosure provides an electronic cigarette capable of dose control and a control method thereof. The electronic cigarette includes a housing, a liquid storage chamber, a vaporizing device, a battery, an airflow sensor, and a control circuit. The control circuit includes a microcontroller, a power control unit, a timing unit, an energy statistics and conversion unit, and an indication unit. The microcontroller is preset with preset parameters including a preset dose threshold. The airflow sensor detects airflow during vaping, then the power control unit supplies power for a heating unit, and the timing unit starts timing, the power control unit detects power of the heating unit, the energy statistics and conversion unit calculates and converts consumption of electric energy into a dose of consumed cigarette liquid, when the dose of consumed cigarette liquid reaches the preset dose threshold, the indication unit provides an indication.

An apparatus comprises a load resistance connectable in series with the electronic sensor to form a series resistance of the load resistance and the internal impedance of the electronic sensor; an excitation circuit configured to apply a predetermined voltage to a circuit element; and a measurement circuit configured to: initiate applying the predetermined voltage to the series resistance and determining the series resistance; initiate applying the predetermined voltage to the load resistance and determining the load resistance; and calculate the internal impedance of the sensor using the determined series resistance and the load resistance, and provide the calculated internal impedance to a user or process.

An apparatus comprises a load resistance connectable in series with the electronic sensor to form a series resistance of the load resistance and the internal impedance of the electronic sensor; an excitation circuit configured to apply a predetermined voltage to a circuit element; and a measurement circuit configured to: initiate applying the predetermined voltage to the series resistance and determining the series resistance; initiate applying the predetermined voltage to the load resistance and determining the load resistance; and calculate the internal impedance of the sensor using the determined series resistance and the load resistance, and provide the calculated internal impedance to a user or process.