A system for measuring impedance which is tolerant of connection errors includes a measuring instrument and a relay plate. The relay plate includes a plurality of relay groups. A relay group comprises a first channel, a second channel, a third channel, and a fourth channel. The first to fourth channels are electrically connected to a conductive pin of the product. The relay board further comprises a first voltage interface, a second voltage interface, a first current interface, and a second current interface, the first voltage interface is electrically connected to the first channel, the first current interface is electrically connected to the second channel, the second voltage interface is electrically connected to the third channel, and the second current interface is electrically connected to the fourth channel, a control unit being able to switch between these when connected to obtain impedance measurements.

A system for measuring impedance which is tolerant of connection errors includes a measuring instrument and a relay plate. The relay plate includes a plurality of relay groups. A relay group comprises a first channel, a second channel, a third channel, and a fourth channel. The first to fourth channels are electrically connected to a conductive pin of the product. The relay board further comprises a first voltage interface, a second voltage interface, a first current interface, and a second current interface, the first voltage interface is electrically connected to the first channel, the first current interface is electrically connected to the second channel, the second voltage interface is electrically connected to the third channel, and the second current interface is electrically connected to the fourth channel, a control unit being able to switch between these when connected to obtain impedance measurements.

According to one embodiment, an electronic circuit includes an oscillator and a measuring circuit. The oscillator generates a first signal with a frequency corresponding to a time. The measuring circuit measures a first voltage based on a resonance frequency in a terminal of a semiconductor device where the first signal is supplied.

According to one embodiment, an electronic circuit includes an oscillator and a measuring circuit. The oscillator generates a first signal with a frequency corresponding to a time. The measuring circuit measures a first voltage based on a resonance frequency in a terminal of a semiconductor device where the first signal is supplied.

Systems, apparatuses, methods, and computer program products are disclosed for power theft detection. An example method includes receiving, by a control system, telemetry data from a transformer adjacent to a customer premise and a meter at the customer premise and storing, by the control system, the telemetry data in a memory. The example method further includes calculating, by the control system and using the telemetry data, a change in impedance in an electric line segment between the transformer and the meter, and determining, by the control system, whether the change in the impedance in the electric line segment is anomalous. Corresponding apparatuses and computer program products are also disclosed.

Systems, apparatuses, methods, and computer program products are disclosed for power theft detection. An example method includes receiving, by a control system, telemetry data from a transformer adjacent to a customer premise and a meter at the customer premise and storing, by the control system, the telemetry data in a memory. The example method further includes calculating, by the control system and using the telemetry data, a change in impedance in an electric line segment between the transformer and the meter, and determining, by the control system, whether the change in the impedance in the electric line segment is anomalous. Corresponding apparatuses and computer program products are also disclosed.

A method for impedance measurement of coupled AC transmission lines. The method includes measuring a zero-sequence impedance of a three-phase transmission line that are configured to transmit electric power from a first substation of a power system to a second substation of the power system. Measuring the zero-sequence impedance includes disconnecting the three-phase transmission line from the power system, connecting a receiving end of the first three-phase transmission line to a local ground, connecting each phase of the three-phase transmission line at a sending end of the three-phase transmission line to a terminal node, measuring a zero-sequence current of the first three-phase transmission line, measuring a zero-sequence voltage of the three-phase transmission line, and calculating the zero-sequence impedance based on the zero-sequence current and the zero-sequence voltage.

A method for impedance measurement of coupled AC transmission lines. The method includes measuring a zero-sequence impedance of a three-phase transmission line that are configured to transmit electric power from a first substation of a power system to a second substation of the power system. Measuring the zero-sequence impedance includes disconnecting the three-phase transmission line from the power system, connecting a receiving end of the first three-phase transmission line to a local ground, connecting each phase of the three-phase transmission line at a sending end of the three-phase transmission line to a terminal node, measuring a zero-sequence current of the first three-phase transmission line, measuring a zero-sequence voltage of the three-phase transmission line, and calculating the zero-sequence impedance based on the zero-sequence current and the zero-sequence voltage.

Concrete can be one of the most durable building materials and structures made of concrete can have a long service life. Consumption is projected to reach approximately 40 billion tons in 2017. Despite this the testing of concrete at all stages of its life cycle is still in its early stages although testing for corrosion is well established. Further many of the tests today are time consuming, expensive, and provide results only after it has been poured and set. Embodiments of the invention provide concrete suppliers, construction companies, regulators, architects, and others with rapid testing and performance data regarding the cure, performance, corrosion of concrete at different points in its life cycle based upon a simple electrical tests that remove subjectivity, allow for rapid assessment, are integrable to the construction process, and provided full life cycle assessment. Wireless sensors can be embedded from initial loading through post-cure into service life.

Concrete can be one of the most durable building materials and structures made of concrete can have a long service life. Consumption is projected to reach approximately 40 billion tons in 2017. Despite this the testing of concrete at all stages of its life cycle is still in its early stages although testing for corrosion is well established. Further many of the tests today are time consuming, expensive, and provide results only after it has been poured and set. Embodiments of the invention provide concrete suppliers, construction companies, regulators, architects, and others with rapid testing and performance data regarding the cure, performance, corrosion of concrete at different points in its life cycle based upon a simple electrical tests that remove subjectivity, allow for rapid assessment, are integrable to the construction process, and provided full life cycle assessment. Wireless sensors can be embedded from initial loading through post-cure into service life.