Systems for determining GW/SW interaction are provided. The systems can include: a sensing assembly comprising sensors for pressure, fluid conductivity, temperature, and transfer resistance; processing circuitry operatively coupled to the sensing assembly and configured to receive data from the sensing assembly and process the data to provide a GW/SW interaction, wherein the data includes pressure, fluid conductivity, temperature, transfer resistance data. Methods for determining GW/SW interaction are provided. The methods can include: receiving real time data including pressure, fluid conductivity, temperature, and transfer resistance; from at least some of the data received simulating the SW/GW interaction; and fitting the real time data with the simulated data to provide actual SW/GW interaction.

A system for passive microwave remote sensing using at least one microwave radiometer includes a fixed body portion and a mobile body portion. The mobile body portion is configured for rotatably coupling with the fixed body portion for rotation about a rotation axis. The mobile body portion is configured for supporting the microwave radiometer therein such that the microwave radiometer rotates about the rotation axis when the mobile body portion is rotated about the rotation axis such that a polarization axis of the radiometer is aligned with an earth axis. The fixed body portion includes a motor mechanism for effecting rotation of the mobile body portion. In an embodiment, the mobile body portion includes a plurality of body section, each body section being configured for supporting a microwave radiometer therein. In another embodiment, each one of the plurality of body sections is configured to be interchangeably coupled with each other.

A medicament preparation system includes a disposable cartridge with a flow path. Various sensors may be placed on the cartridge to measure qualities of the fluid flowing through the flow path. The sensors are placed in precise locations using various approaches that make manufacturing of the cartridge efficient and repeatable. A drain line that is susceptible to fouling may be preattached and various approaches are used to remove or reduce the fouling. An elastomeric contact can also be present in the medical preparation system and used in a conductivity measurement subsystem.

A medicament preparation system includes a disposable cartridge with a flow path. Various sensors may be placed on the cartridge to measure qualities of the fluid flowing through the flow path. The sensors are placed in precise locations using various approaches that make manufacturing of the cartridge efficient and repeatable. A drain line that is susceptible to fouling may be preattached and various approaches are used to remove or reduce the fouling. An elastomeric contact can also be present in the medical preparation system and used in a conductivity measurement subsystem.

A fluid property detecting device includes a detection portion configured to detect electric characteristics of a detection target fluid, a calculation portion configured to calculate a property value of the detection target fluid, and a storage portion configured to store the property value calculated by the calculation portion. The storage portion stores, in advance, as the reference detection value, the detection value of the electric characteristic of a reference fluid detected by the detection portion, and the calculation portion calculates the property value of the detection target fluid on the basis of a value obtained by subtracting the reference detection value from a detection value of the detection target fluid.

A medicament preparation system includes a disposable cartridge with a flow path. Various sensors may be placed on the cartridge to measure qualities of the fluid flowing through the flow path. The sensors are placed in precise locations using various approaches that make manufacturing of the cartridge efficient and repeatable. A drain line that is susceptible to fouling may be preattached and various approaches are used to remove or reduce the fouling. An elastomeric contact can also be present in the medical preparation system and used in a conductivity measurement subsystem.

A medicament preparation system includes a disposable cartridge with a flow path. Various sensors may be placed on the cartridge to measure qualities of the fluid flowing through the flow path. The sensors are placed in precise locations using various approaches that make manufacturing of the cartridge efficient and repeatable. A drain line that is susceptible to fouling may be preattached and various approaches are used to remove or reduce the fouling. An elastomeric contact can also be present in the medical preparation system and used in a conductivity measurement subsystem.

An electrical conductivity detector includes a cell through which a liquid flows, a measurement part for obtaining an electrical conductivity signal which is a current corresponding to an electrical conductivity of the liquid flowing through the cell, a phase adjustment value holder that holds a phase adjustment value which is a predetermined shift amount between a phase of the electrical conductivity signal and a phase of a measurement voltage applied to the cell by the measurement part, a BG subtraction signal generator configured to generate a BG subtraction signal for removing a background component included in the electrical conductivity signal obtained by the measurement part, the BG subtraction signal being adjusted to have a phase substantially identical to the phase of the electrical conductivity signal using the phase adjustment value held in the phase adjustment value holder, an addition part configured to add the electrical conductivity signal and the BG subtraction signal with each other, and a calculation part configured to calculate the electrical conductivity of the liquid flowing through the cell using a signal output from the addition part.

A method for determining conductivity of a medium includes: generating a signal with first and second frequencies; feeding the signal to first and second electrodes; determining a first voltage between the first and second electrodes, a first current through the medium for the first frequency, and a first impedance from the first voltage and first current; determining a second voltage between the first and second electrodes, a second current through the medium for the second frequency, and a second impedance from the second voltage and second current; determining and comparing phases of the first and second impedances; determining a medium resistance with a first formula when the first impedance phase is smaller than the second impedance phase; determining a medium resistance with a second formula when the first impedance phase is equal to or greater than the second impedance phase; and determining conductivity of the medium using the medium resistance.

The present disclosure provides for an electronic sensor for detecting a root of a plant in soil, the electronic sensor that includes a first conductor plate configured to be disposed in soil, a switch, a power supply, and a signal extractor. The switch is electrically coupled to the first conductor plate and is configured to switch between a first mode and a second mode. The power supply is electrically coupled to the switch and is configured to provide an electrical charge to the first conductor plate in the first mode of the switch. The signal extractor is electrically coupled to the switch and is configured to extract a signal response at the first conductor plate in the second mode of the switch. The present disclosure further provides a second conductor plate configured to be disposed in soil adjacent to and substantially parallel to the first conductor plate. The second conductor plate is electrically coupled to ground.