The present disclosure relates to a measuring circuit for a conductivity sensor, wherein the measuring circuit includes a built-in reference circuit and multiple built-in measuring ranges.

A system and method for identifying the condition of fluids inside a container, by means of a resistive element associated with a control unit of the resistive element, preferably used for identifying the condition of water for application in a fuel vehicle water injection system, but not limited to this application. The control unit of the resistive element is comprised of a processing unit capable of obtaining the reading of the resistance of a resistive element and processing the information for performing the identification of the condition of the fluid, and also the composition can use the resistive element as a heating element through a heater control unit when it is identified that the condition of the fluid is solid.

A system and method for identifying the condition of fluids inside a container, by means of a resistive element associated with a control unit of the resistive element, preferably used for identifying the condition of water for application in a fuel vehicle water injection system, but not limited to this application. The control unit of the resistive element is comprised of a processing unit capable of obtaining the reading of the resistance of a resistive element and processing the information for performing the identification of the condition of the fluid, and also the composition can use the resistive element as a heating element through a heater control unit when it is identified that the condition of the fluid is solid.

The present disclosure relates to a system, a method, a device, and an electronic atomizing device for detecting a nicotine content in an e-liquid. The system includes: a sampling circuit configured to acquire characteristic parameters, and the characteristic parameters being configured to calculate an impedance of the e-liquid in an e-liquid containing component; and a controller electrically connected to the sampling circuit, configured to calculate the impedance of the e-liquid according to the characteristic parameters fed back by the sampling circuit, and determine the nicotine content in the e-liquid according to the impedance of the e-liquid and a preset corresponding relation between the impedance and the nicotine content.

The present disclosure relates to a system, a method, a device, and an electronic atomizing device for detecting a nicotine content in an e-liquid. The system includes: a sampling circuit configured to acquire characteristic parameters, and the characteristic parameters being configured to calculate an impedance of the e-liquid in an e-liquid containing component; and a controller electrically connected to the sampling circuit, configured to calculate the impedance of the e-liquid according to the characteristic parameters fed back by the sampling circuit, and determine the nicotine content in the e-liquid according to the impedance of the e-liquid and a preset corresponding relation between the impedance and the nicotine content.

The present disclosure provides for an electronic sensor for detecting a root of a plant in soil, the electronic sensor that includes a first conductor plate configured to be disposed in soil, a switch, a power supply, and signal extractor. The switch is electrically coupled to the first conductor plate and is configured to switch between a first mode and a second mode. The power supply is electrically coupled to the switch and is configured to provide an electrical charge to the first conductor plate in the first mode of the switch. The signal extractor is electrically coupled to the switch and is configured to extract a signal response at the first conductor plate in the second mode of the switch. The present disclosure further provides a second conductor plate configured to be disposed in soil adjacent to and substantially parallel to the first conductor plate. The second conductor plate is electrically coupled to ground.

The present disclosure provides for an electronic sensor for detecting a root of a plant in soil, the electronic sensor that includes a first conductor plate configured to be disposed in soil, a switch, a power supply, and signal extractor. The switch is electrically coupled to the first conductor plate and is configured to switch between a first mode and a second mode. The power supply is electrically coupled to the switch and is configured to provide an electrical charge to the first conductor plate in the first mode of the switch. The signal extractor is electrically coupled to the switch and is configured to extract a signal response at the first conductor plate in the second mode of the switch. The present disclosure further provides a second conductor plate configured to be disposed in soil adjacent to and substantially parallel to the first conductor plate. The second conductor plate is electrically coupled to ground.

A monitoring device and a method for monitoring an insulation resistance for an ungrounded electric system includes a liquid cooling operated to ground and having refrigerant flowing in tubes. For this purpose, the measuring signal is supplied in series in the tube system via the refrigerant resistance. The monitoring device is realized having a current measurement or a voltage measurement at the tube sections in order to detect the insulation resistance and can be enhanced for monitoring a shared insulation resistance of several ungrounded electric subsystems fed by a shared transformer.

A shock detector having an electrical detector having a set of water immersible electrodes for detecting hazardous water conditions through the determination of the presence of either an electrical current in a body of water, a voltage in the body of water or a voltage gradient in the body of water and then providing an alert to the existence of hazardous electrical conditions in the body of water which in some cases may transmitted to a power source to shut off a power source thereby removing the hazardous water condition.

A shock detector having an electrical detector having a set of water immersible electrodes for detecting hazardous water conditions through the determination of the presence of either an electrical current in a body of water, a voltage in the body of water or a voltage gradient in the body of water and then providing an alert to the existence of hazardous electrical conditions in the body of water which in some cases may transmitted to a power source to shut off a power source thereby removing the hazardous water condition.