A circuit control apparatus includes: a charging control module, a circuit switching module, a capacitance detection module, a first change-over switch, and a first polar plate. The first change-over switch includes a first common terminal, a second terminal, and a third terminal. The first polar plate is electrically connected to the first common terminal. The charging control module is electrically connected to the second terminal. The capacitance detection module is electrically connected to the third terminal.

A read-out circuit includes an operational amplifier configured to receive an input voltage through a positive input terminal; a feedback capacitor connected between an output terminal of the operational amplifier and a negative input terminal of the operational amplifier; a sensor charging and discharging circuit configured to charge or discharge a sensor during a first time; a switching circuit connecting the sensor and the operational amplifier during a second time after the sensor is charged or discharged; and a duty control circuit configured to determine a duty ratio of the first time and the second time according to a capacitance of the sensor.

Example capacitive-sensing rotary encoders and methods are disclosed herein. An example apparatus includes a rotary encoder structured to be mounted to a motor, the rotary encoder including a plurality of circumferential capacitive sensor arrays, each of the plurality of capacitive sensor arrays having an output representing a binary bit of a rotary encoder output, the rotary encoder output changing as a conductor rotates responsive to a rotatable shaft of the motor relative to the rotary encoder.

Aspects of the disclosure provide a sensing apparatus including a sensing device, a memory, and processing circuitry. The sensing device includes resonators having respective resonant frequencies. The resonators include an array of inductive coils positioned on a surface of the apparatus. The sensing device can output a signal indicating changes of the resonant frequencies caused by presence of an object proximate to the surface. The memory stores reference signals corresponding to reference objects. Each reference signal indicates changes of the resonant frequencies caused by the respective reference object proximate to the surface. The processing circuitry can receive, from the sensing device, a particular signal indicating changes of the resonant frequencies caused by presence of a particular object proximate to the surface. The processing circuitry compares the particular signal with the stored reference signals of the reference objects to determine an identity of the particular object.

A vehicle includes a body and a door coupled to the body. The door is operable between opened and closed positions. A cinch assembly is operably coupled to the door. A door seal is positioned along at least a portion of a door opening, wherein the door seal includes a first conductor and a second conductor positioned therein. The first and second conductors are dielectrically isolated and cooperate to generate a capacitive signal. A controller is configured to monitor the capacitive signal and control the cinch assembly in response to the capacitive signal.

A measuring device is provided. The measuring device includes a base substrate, sensor electrodes, a temperature sensor, a high frequency oscillator, C/V conversion circuits for generating voltage signals corresponding to electrostatic capacitances of the sensor electrodes, an A/D converter for converting the voltage signals to digital values, a calculation unit for calculating measurement values indicating the electrostatic capacitances based on the digital values, and phase control circuits connected between the sensor electrodes and the high-frequency oscillator. Each of the conversion circuits includes an operational amplifier, and the high-frequency oscillator is connected to a non-inverting input terminal of the amplifier and is connected to an inverting input terminal thereof through a corresponding phase control circuit. The calculation unit stores parameters for setting admittances of the phase control circuits in association with temperatures and adjusts the admittances of the phase control circuits using a parameter associated with a detected temperature.

A new method for calibrating slide screw tuners, both using hexahedron vertically moving and disc-shaped eccentrically rotating reflective tuning probes, allows straightening the reflection factor phase response (anti-skewing); it uses a new scaling method and a new coordinate system of tuning probe control. The method is agnostic and self-regulating, it treats the tuner as a black box and depends on the test frequency. The result is improved mathematical interpolation and tuning results using reduced number of calibration points and allowing higher calibration speed.

A new method for calibrating slide screw tuners, both using hexahedron vertically moving and disc-shaped eccentrically rotating reflective tuning probes, allows straightening the reflection factor phase response (anti-skewing); it uses a new scaling method and a new coordinate system of tuning probe control. The method is agnostic and self-regulating, it treats the tuner as a black box and depends on the test frequency. The result is improved mathematical interpolation and tuning results using reduced number of calibration points and allowing higher calibration speed.

A capacitive sensor has a structure in which first transparent electrode portions and second transparent electrode portions formed from crystalline indium tin oxide (ITO) are provided on a base material by patterning. A bridge wiring portion formed from amorphous indium zinc oxide (IZO) is provided on each two adjacent first transparent electrode portions and a link continuous to them, with an insulating layer intervening between the bridge wiring portion and the two first transparent electrode portions and link. These two adjacent second transparent electrode portions are electrically connected together by the bridge wiring portion. The thickness of the second transparent electrode portion TE and the thickness of the bridge wiring portion TB satisfy the following expressions: 0.28×TE+83 nm≤TB≤0.69×TE+105 nm; and 30 nm≤TE≤50 nm.

An earth fault detection apparatus includes a switch group configured to switch between a first measurement path including a battery and a capacitor, a second measurement path including the battery, a negative-side insulation resistance, and the capacitor, a third measurement path including the battery, a positive-side insulation resistance, and the capacitor; and a control unit configured to calculate a reference value, based on each charging voltage of the capacitor in each measurement path, and configured to calculate an insulation resistance with reference to a predetermined conversion map, in which the conversion map includes a conversion map corresponding to a capacitance of the capacitor, and the control unit estimates the capacitance of the capacitor, and refers to the conversion map corresponding to the capacitance of the capacitor that has been estimated.