In some aspects, a method of monitoring a battery system of an industrial vehicle is disclosed. The battery system may include a first string of battery modules including at least two battery modules connected in series; a first contactor connected to a positive end of the first string of battery modules, a second contactor connector to a negative end of the first string of battery modules; a third contactor connected to the first contactor; a fourth contactor connected to the second contactor; and one or more controllers configured to monitor the first contactor and the second contactor. The method may include receiving, at the one or more controllers, an indication of a failure of one of the first contactor and the second contactor; and opening, via the one or more controllers, at least one of the third contactor or the fourth contactor.

In some aspects, a method of monitoring a battery system of an industrial vehicle is disclosed. The battery system may include a first string of battery modules including at least two battery modules connected in series; a first contactor connected to a positive end of the first string of battery modules, a second contactor connector to a negative end of the first string of battery modules; a third contactor connected to the first contactor; a fourth contactor connected to the second contactor; and one or more controllers configured to monitor the first contactor and the second contactor. The method may include receiving, at the one or more controllers, an indication of a failure of one of the first contactor and the second contactor; and opening, via the one or more controllers, at least one of the third contactor or the fourth contactor.

A method for monitoring an online state of a bonding wire of an Insulated Gate Bipolar Translator (IGBT) module comprises the following steps: Step 1, constructing a full bridge inverter circuit and an online measuring circuit and connecting two input ends of the online measuring circuit to a collecting electrode and an emitting electrode of an IGBT power module of the full bridge inverter circuit to realize a connection of the full bridge inverter circuit and the online measuring circuit; Step 2, establishing a three-dimensional data model of a healthy IGBT; Step 3, establishing a three-dimensional data model of the IGBT with a broken bonding wire; Step 4, optimizing a least squares support vector machine by adopting a genetic algorithm; and Step 5, estimating states of the three-dimensional data models obtained in the Step 2 and the Step 3 by utilizing the optimized least squares support vector machine.

A method for monitoring an online state of a bonding wire of an Insulated Gate Bipolar Translator (IGBT) module comprises the following steps: Step 1, constructing a full bridge inverter circuit and an online measuring circuit and connecting two input ends of the online measuring circuit to a collecting electrode and an emitting electrode of an IGBT power module of the full bridge inverter circuit to realize a connection of the full bridge inverter circuit and the online measuring circuit; Step 2, establishing a three-dimensional data model of a healthy IGBT; Step 3, establishing a three-dimensional data model of the IGBT with a broken bonding wire; Step 4, optimizing a least squares support vector machine by adopting a genetic algorithm; and Step 5, estimating states of the three-dimensional data models obtained in the Step 2 and the Step 3 by utilizing the optimized least squares support vector machine.

A system includes a first integrated circuit including a first interface circuit with a first transmit pin and a first receive pin, and a first test circuit. The system also includes a second integrated circuit including a second interface circuit with a second receive pin coupled to the first transmit pin, and a second transmit pin coupled to the first receive pin. The second integrated circuit further includes a second test circuit configured to route signals from the second receive pin to the second transmit pin, such that the sent test signal is received by the second receive pin, bypasses the second test circuit, and is routed to the second transmit pin. The first test circuit is further configured to receive the routed test signal on the first receive pin via the second conductive path.

A detection circuit for the on-board direct current/direct current (DC/DC) ground wire and an on-board device are provided. The circuit includes a digital signal process (DSP) controller, a detection circuit, a standby circuit for an on-board DC/DC converter, and a power-supply negative wire for the on-board DC/DC converter. The detection circuit includes a comparator, a first conductive branch, a second conductive branch, a third conductive branch. In this way, the detection circuit is connected between the DSP controller and the standby circuit for the on-board DC/DC converter, and the detection circuit is connected between the DSP controller and the power-supply negative wire for the on-board DC/DC converter.

A detection circuit for the on-board direct current/direct current (DC/DC) ground wire and an on-board device are provided. The circuit includes a digital signal process (DSP) controller, a detection circuit, a standby circuit for an on-board DC/DC converter, and a power-supply negative wire for the on-board DC/DC converter. The detection circuit includes a comparator, a first conductive branch, a second conductive branch, a third conductive branch. In this way, the detection circuit is connected between the DSP controller and the standby circuit for the on-board DC/DC converter, and the detection circuit is connected between the DSP controller and the power-supply negative wire for the on-board DC/DC converter.

A test system for an electrical system includes a slot array having a plurality of slots and a plurality of recesses formed therethrough, a plurality of mounts in which each mount of the plurality of mounts is positioned within a respective recess of the plurality of recesses to align with a respective slot of the plurality of slots, a connector port having a plurality of pins, and a plurality of conductors in which each conductor of the plurality of conductors extends from a respective pin of the plurality of pins to a respective mount of the plurality of mounts. Each mount of the plurality of mounts is configured to receive an additional conductor via a corresponding slot of the plurality of slots to electrically couple the additional conductor to a corresponding pin of the plurality of pins via a corresponding conductor of the plurality of conductors.

One example discloses a differential-signal-detection circuit, comprising: an input stage configured to receive a differential input signal and to output a first differential output signal and a second differential output signal; a first comparator coupled to receive the first differential output signal and generate a first comparator output signal; a second comparator coupled to receive the second differential output signal and generate a second comparator output signal; and an output stage configured to receive the first and second comparator output signals and generate a differential-signal-detection signal.

One example discloses a differential-signal-detection circuit, comprising: an input stage configured to receive a differential input signal and to output a first differential output signal and a second differential output signal; a first comparator coupled to receive the first differential output signal and generate a first comparator output signal; a second comparator coupled to receive the second differential output signal and generate a second comparator output signal; and an output stage configured to receive the first and second comparator output signals and generate a differential-signal-detection signal.