An apparatus includes a plurality of particles, wherein each particle contains a plurality of magnetizable (for example, ferromagnetic) and ferroelectric materials in fixed physical relationship (for example, physical contact) with one another. A method and apparatus measure magnetic fields arising from or within the plurality of particles.

A system of writing to and reading from a magnetic nanostructure is disclosed which includes an opto-magnetic write arrangement including a polarizer configured to receive incident light and provide a circularly or linearly polarized light, wherein light polarization is controlled by the polarizer and its orientation with respect to polarization of the incident light, a nanomagnetic structure configured to receive the polarized light including a substrate, and a nanomagnetic stack including a nanomagnet, and a capping layer, wherein the nanomagnetic stack is configured to receive the polarized light and thereby switch orientation of a magnetic moment associated with the magnetic nanostructure whereby the magnetic moment direction specifies a bit value held in the magnetic structure, and a magnetic read arrangement, configured to receive and interpret an optical signal from the magnetic nanostructure indicating the magnetic moment orientation from the nanomagnetic stack.

Magnetoelectric devices based on piezoelectric/magnetostrictive bilayers are provided. Also provided are methods of using the devices to modulate or to sense the magnetization of the magnetostrictive material. The devices include an island of magnetostrictive material that is strain-coupled to a thin layer of a piezoelectric material at an interface. A bottom electrode is placed in electrical communication with one surface of the piezoelectric film, and an unpaired top electrode is placed in electrical communication with a second, opposing surface of the piezoelectric film.

Volume susceptibilities (s) of dispersoid particles (s) dispersed in a dispersion medium (m) are first obtained by magnetophoresis. Affinity of the dispersoid particles (s) for the dispersion medium (m) is then analyzed using the volume susceptibilities (s) of the respective dispersoid particles (s) and a volume susceptibility (m) of the dispersion medium (m).

A magnetic material observation method in accordance with the present invention includes: an irradiating step including irradiating a region of a sample with an excitation beam and thereby allowing a magnetic element contained in the sample to radiate a characteristic X-ray; a detecting step including detecting intensities of a right-handed circularly polarized component and a left-handed circularly polarized component contained in the characteristic X-ray; and a calculating step including calculating the difference between the intensity of the right-handed circularly polarized component and the intensity of the left-handed circularly polarized component. Reference to such a difference enables precise measurement of the direction or magnitude of magnetization without strict limitations as to the sample.

An external Air Core Flux Measurement System for a production magnetizing system/devices which is a an application of magnetic energies and the respective energies of a magnetizing coil and measurement system for the efficient production of coils for automotive and other industries and a system for evaluating the quality of the cores and magnetic charge after magnetization. This is an air core meter with gauges driven by a dedicated circuit. The present invention provides a method and apparatus for the testing of coils with an air core separate from the magnetization step to eliminate errors and other distracting signals inherent to the measurement device when combined with the core magnetizing step.

A measurement current (i) is injected into an active part (4) of an HTS superconductor. The active part is cooled, but not reservoirs (1, 2) from/to which the superconductor is wound. Only a fraction of the active part is exposed to a magnetic field for testing the electrical properties of the superconductor. Buffer devices (20a, 20b) prevent current sharing from outside the active part. The measurement current is injected where the residual magnetic field is at least 3 times lower than the magnetic field for testing, and/or the local critical current at the current injection locations is at least three times higher than the critical current at the magnetic field for testing. The electrical properties, e.g. the critical current, are tested by determining an integral of a voltage drop (U) across the active part, e.g. between two voltage pick-up elements (15a, 15b), as a function of measurement time ().

Provided is a method of measuring a magnitude of magnetization of a perpendicular magnetic thin film, including: forming a stripe pattern in which a first magnetic domain that extends in a y direction and is magnetized in a z direction and a second magnetic domain that extends in the y direction and is magnetized in a direction opposite to the z direction are arranged alternately in an x direction, in a perpendicular magnetic thin film that extends in an xy plane; changing widths in the x direction, of the first and second magnetic domains by applying a magnetic field having a predetermined magnitude, in the z direction, to the perpendicular magnetic thin film; and calculating an absolute value of the magnetization of the perpendicular magnetic thin film on the basis of a ratio between the widths in the x direction, of the first magnetic domain and the second magnetic domain.

The present invention discloses a device for evaluating and demagnetizing residual magnetism quantity of a power transformer. A main circuit comprises a switching power supply the two ends of which are respectively connected with a filter capacitor and a resistor in parallel. A forward end of the switching power supply is connected with a main switch in series. A rear end of the main switch is connected with a series branch of a sixth switch and a first resistor, a series branch of a first switch and a second switch, and a series branch of a third switch and a fourth switch are connected in parallel. A driving circuit is respectively connected with driving ends of the main switch, the sixth, first, second, third and fourth switches. A control circuit is connected with the driving circuit for sending an instruction to the driving circuit.

An apparatus for monitoring a magnetic core, wherein the apparatus provides a measurement winding which is magnetically coupled to the magnetic core to be monitored, a comparison inductance which is electrically connected in series with the winding and an electronic processing unit which is designed to determine the saturation behavior of the magnetic core to be monitored. The electronic processing unit is configured to record a first electrical signal occurring at the measurement winding and a second electrical signal occurring at the comparison inductance in response to an electrical measurement signal applied to the measurement winding, and to determine the saturation behavior of the magnetic core to be monitored on the basis of the first and second electrical signals. This makes it possible to easily monitor the saturation behavior of a magnetic core and to reliably detect the occurrence of saturation of the magnetic core.