A method and system can include a sensor positioned in a borehole, characteristics of the earthen formation can be measured and logged by the sensor, and an effective permeability can be determined based on the logged characteristics. Multi-component induction (MCI) data can be measured by a logging tool, 3D resistivity components can be determined by inverting the MCI data, and the 3D resistivity components can be logged. Tri-axial permeability components can be determined based on the effective permeability and the 3D resistivity component logs. A permeability of sand in the earthen formation can be determined based on the tri-axial permeability components, the effective permeability, and a laminated shale volume. The sand permeability can be logged and modifications to operation(s) can be initiated based on the sand permeability.

A device for detection of magnetic permeability () or, alternatively, relative magnetic permeability (r) or, alternatively relative magnetic susceptibility (r-) of a sample is described. The device comprises a sample chamber having at least one opening for introduction of a sample or a sample container holding a sample and an electronic circuit. The device also comprises a coil surrounding said sample chamber, and also an electronic circuit adapted to measure the inductance of said coil. The sample chamber, coil and at least one component of the electronic circuit are placed in a temperature controlled zone. Said at least one component in said electronic circuit is/are selected from the group consisting of capacitors, sensors, precision voltage references, precision regulators, low pass and or high pass filters.

Embodiments of the present invention provide an electromagnetic sensor (400) for detecting a microstructure of a metal target, comprising: a magnetic device (410, 420) for providing an excitation magnetic field; a magnetometer (430) for detecting a resultant magnetic field induced in a metal target; and a calibration circuit (450, 551, 552, 553, 554) for generating a calibration magnetic field for calibrating the electromagnetic sensor, wherein the calibration reference magnetic field is generated by an electrical current induced in the calibration circuit by the excitation magnetic field.

A thermomagnetic sensor includes a thermomagnetic probe that includes a ferromagnetic material having a temperature-dependent magnetic permeability characterized by a maximum magnetic permeability value at a temperature below a Curie temperature of the ferromagnetic material. The thermomagnetic sensor further includes an alternating magnetic field source to produce an alternating magnetic field in a vicinity of the thermomagnetic probe to facilitate a measurement of the temperature-dependent magnetic permeability as function of temperature remotely using a thermomagnetic effect. A predetermined relationship between the temperature-dependent magnetic permeability and temperature in a range between the maximum magnetic permeability value and the Curie temperature provides a measurement of a temperature local to the thermomagnetic probe. A battery-temperature measurement system includes the thermomagnetic probe in a battery, a magnetic field coil to apply the alternating magnetic field, and a magnetic permeability measurement apparatus to measure the temperature-dependent magnetic permeability.

The magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) is used to capture variations in magnetic permeability and magnetization to determine the presence of sensitization. MOKE-magnetometry-based systems and apparatus may be used to provide in-field magnetic measurements, and may be particularly useful in methods for assessing changes in composition, crystal structure, and grain size in magnetic materials.

A differential transformer-based permeability sensor includes a substrate including an insulation layer and a wiring layer stacked on each other, a first drive coil, a first induction coil, a second drive coil, a second induction coil, and a adjuster coil, all flatly formed on the wiring layer, a closed circuit including the adjuster coil and a current regulation element connected in parallel to ends of the adjuster coil, and an oscillation circuit. A circuit constituent is formed in which an oscillation signal of the oscillation circuit is provided to each of the drive coils, so that an induction current flows through the first induction coil, the second induction coil, and the adjuster coil, and a difference between the induction current of the first induction coil and that of the second induction coil is outputted. The induction current of the adjuster coil is adjusted according to resistance of a variable resistor.

A measuring apparatus for electromagnetic property of material includes a chamber and a specified shielding piece. The chamber has a cavity inside and the chamber has an electromagnetic wave access terminal to connect to the cavity, used to receive an input electromagnetic wave and output a reflective electromagnetic wave. The specified shielding piece is disposed inside the cavity with respect to the electromagnetic wave access terminal, used to produce a region in side the cavity. The region is dominated by magnetic field and is used to adapt an object to be measured.

A method, apparatus, and system operate to include transmitting a plurality of electromagnetic waves, over a range of frequencies, into a plurality of pipes. The secondary electromagnetic field responses, associated with the electromagnetic waves, from the plurality of pipes are measured. Selective ones of the secondary electromagnetic field responses are canceled or reduced based on a selected pipe for inspection of the plurality of pipes.

A probe configured to measure the magnetic permeability of a magnetic body includes a first signal conductor and a second signal conductor that form a pair of signal conductors, the first and second signal conductors being a signal transmission path, and tip ends of the first and second signal conductors being disposed away from a surface of the magnetic body by a predetermined gap length and at a predetermined interval from each other; a linear conductor that electrically connects the tip ends of the first and second signal conductors and that extends between the tip ends; and a first ground conductor and a second ground conductor that form a pair of ground conductors disposed in the vicinity of the pair of signal conductors, tip ends of the first and second ground conductor being in contact with the surface of the magnetic body.

A system for magnetically inspecting a metallic component uses a manipulator configured to manipulate a relative position between a part fixture that holds the metallic component and a probe fixture that holds a magnetic probe, thereby causing the probe tip to trace an inspection route along the surface of the metallic component so that the probe tip contacts the metallic component such that an angular difference between the probe axis and a vector normal to the surface is less than a predetermined angle delta. The magnetic probe has a probe tip that measures magnetic permeability of the metallic component along the inspection route, which the controller receives. A method of performing the magnetic inspection is also disclosed.