Methods and apparatus are disclosed for determining a confidence ellipse (CEP) that encompasses possible locations of one or more target devices, which is a condition that may exist when a wireless device (WD) is initially travelling on an effectively straight path. The method includes calculating the deviation from the straight line path for the WD. If it is determined that the path is effectively a straight line, the calculation of the sum of squared residuals (SSRs) is extended so as to encompass two possible minima. A grid is then derived comprising all ground plane points, where the SSR values are (i) less than a boundary value and (ii) include the SSRs corresponding to the two possible minima. The grid is converted into a polygon, which is further converted into an ellipse displayed as the CEP. The CEP encompasses two possible locations of a target device.

Apparatuses, systems, and methods for RTT based sidelink positioning, e.g., in 5G NR systems and beyond. A UE may receive, from a sidelink LMF, a PRS/SRS configuration and SCI. The UE may receive, from the SL-LMF, a broadcast comprising at least two time stamps associated with transmissions to the UE from one or more neighboring UEs. Further, the UE may determine differential distances to the one or more neighboring UEs. The broadcast from the SL-LMF may include angle of arrival (AoA) information and/or angle of departure (AoD) information and UE may determine an absolute position based on the differential distances and the AoA/AoD information.

A positioning system is provided with a plurality of mobile bodies for measuring positions of the plurality of mobile bodies. Each mobile body includes a positioner configured to perform positioning based on a positioning signal transmitted from a positioning satellite; a communicator configured to perform wireless communication; a distance measurer configured to measure a distance relative to another mobile body based on a propagation time or phase of a signal communicated with the communicator of the another mobile body; an angle measurer configured to calculate an angle of the mobile body of its own relative to the another mobile body based on the phase of the signal communicated with the communicator of the another mobile body; a plurality of antennas shared by the communicator, the distance measurer, and the angle measurer; and a controller configured to control the positioner, the communicator, the distance measurer, and the angle measurer.

Aspects of the disclosure are directed to direction finding to a target device via one or more assisting devices. In an aspect, assisting device(s) (e.g., helper or cooperative devices) may provide assistance to a user equipment (UE) that is attempting to perform a direction finding operation to ascertain a direction from the UE to the target device. In an aspect, a single assisting device at a single location may be utilized in conjunction with the UE at multiple locations. In another aspect, multiple assisting devices may be utilized in conjunction with the UE at a single location. In a further aspect, a single assisting device at multiple locations may be utilized in conjunction with the UE at multiple locations. Such aspects may provide various technical advantages, such as improved direction finding accuracy and/or reduced direction finding latency.

A communication method and a communication apparatus are provided. The method includes: a terminal device obtains a channel measurement result, wherein the channel measurement result is obtained by the terminal device based on at least two reflections by an antenna element set of an intelligent reflecting surface for a first signal sent by a network device, the first signal is a signal for channel measurement, and the antenna element set includes at least two antenna elements; and the terminal device determines a path difference between the antenna elements of the intelligent reflecting surface based on the channel measurement result.

A system is disclosed. The system may include a receiver or transmitter node. The receiver or transmitter node may include a communications interface with an antenna element and a controller. The controller may include one or more processors and have information of own node velocity and own node orientation relative to a common reference frame. The receiver or transmitter node may be time synchronized to apply Doppler corrections to signals, the Doppler corrections associated with the receiver or transmitter node's own motions relative to the common reference frame, the Doppler corrections applied using Doppler null steering along Null directions. The receiver node may comprise a correlator configured to process the signals which are based on the Doppler null steering.

This disclosure describes novel schemes and utilities that promote sustainable usage of smartphones. It describes apparatus and methods to prevent phone loss, prevent overheating problems, decrease energy waste of the battery, prevent overcharging, decrease packaging waste, and encourage sustainable behavior among users to increase the life of the electronic product. In addition, this application characterize mechanism for localization of people and objects. The apparatus and methods may be applied to promote sustainable usage of other electronic devices such as tablets, laptops, pocket PCs, personal digital assistants (PDAs), e-readers, wearable devices, and etc. In addition, a framework has been presented which can be applied to promote sustainable behavior for any consumer electronics products including smartphones. In addition, novel localization apparatus and methods is presented in this application that can be applied for general localization/tracking purposes.

Apparatus and methods for apparatus positioning are provided. Solution includes receiving (300) by an apparatus from a network element a signal having multipath propagated signal components and obtaining time domain samples of the multipath propagated signal components, mapping (302) the time domain samples to one or more frequency offset-delay pairs to obtain frequency offsets and delays of the received multipath propagated signal components, calculating (304) angle of arrival of one or more multipath propagated signal components, determining (306) the multipath propagated signal component corresponding to the direct propagation path between the apparatus and the network element, and controlling (308) the utilisation of the angle of arrival and delay of the multipath propagated signal component corresponding to the direct propagation path in the determination of the location of the apparatus.

Systems are provided for determining location of tags in an environment. The system includes at least one mobile antenna that moves around the environment. The absolute location associated with the mobile antenna is known and it sends and receives messages including at least one of time of arrival, time of departure, signal strength and angle of arrival. A measurement module performs distance measurement between the at least one mobile antenna and at least one tag in the environment to obtain at least. The distance measurements are associated with at least two locations of mobile antenna. A storage module records the distance measurements at the at least two locations and the at least two locations. A location module computes a location of each of the at least one tags based on the recorded distance measurements at the at least two locations and the recorded locations of the mobile antenna.

A system comprises a plurality of first computing devices, wherein each first computing device is wearable by a user or is affixed to an asset within an environment and configured to generate and transmit a message; and a plurality of second computing devices installed within the environment, wherein a portion of the plurality of second computing devices are configured to detect at least one of the plurality of first computing devices, receive messages transmitted by a detected first computing device, and timestamp the messages before transmitting the messages to a computing server system. The computing server system is configured to determine at least a location of the detected first computing device based at least upon the messages received from the portion of the plurality of second computing devices.