Some demonstrative embodiments include apparatuses, systems and/or methods of Multi-User (MU) ranging measurement. For example, an apparatus may include circuitry and logic configured to cause a wireless station to generate a plurality of sounding sequences corresponding to a plurality of stations (STAs), the plurality of sounding sequences including at least first and second different sounding sequences, the first sounding sequence corresponding to at least one first STA of the plurality of STAs, the second sounding sequence corresponding to at least one second STA of the plurality of STAs; during a Multi-User (MU) ranging measurement, to transmit a MU frame to indicate a MU Downlink (DL) transmission; and, following the MU frame, to transmit a MU DL Null Data Packet (NDP) transmission to the plurality of STAs, the MU DL NDP transmission including a plurality of Long Training Fields (LTFs) including the plurality of sounding sequences.

The disclosure provides some embodiments for securing long training field (LTF) sequence. A responding station (RSTA) configures a location management report (LMR) frame. The LMR frame is configured to include an LMR in respect of a previous measurement, and data to be used to generate a null data packet (NDP) for a current measurement that is to be performed following the previous measurement. The RSTA further encrypts the LMR frame using protected management frames (PMF) scheme, and transmits the encrypted LMR frame to an initiating station (ISTA) for generating an LTF sequence for the current measurement. In response to receiving an NDP announcement (NDPA) and an NDP for the current measurement from the ISTA, the RSTA generates an NDP for the current measurement based on the NDPA and the data using CCMP, and transmits the NDP to the ISTA.

A transmission STA in a wireless local area network system can transmit a sensing start frame. The sensing start frame can comprise information relating to a feedback method and feedback frequency. The feedback method can comprise information relating to at least one of an explicit feedback, implicit feedback and hybrid feedback. The transmission STA can transmit a sensing frame to a reception STA. The transmission STA can receive from the reception STA a feedback frame comprising channel state information obtained on the basis of the sensing frame. The sensing start frame can further comprise information relating to the number of sensing frame transmissions. The information relating to feedback frequency can comprise information relating to the number of received sensing frames prior to the transmission of the feedback frame by the reception STA.

In a wireless local area network (wireless LAN) system, an initiator station (STA) can transmit a sensing initiation frame. The sensing initiation frame can include information related to a first responder STA operating as a sensing responder. The initiator STA can receive a first transmission initiation frame from the first responder STA. The first transmission initiation frame can include strength information about a first sensing signal. The initiator STA can receive the first sensing signal from the first responder STA. The sensing initiation frame can further include information related to a second responder STA operating as a sensing responder. The initiator STA can receive a second transmission initiation frame from the second responder STA. The second transmission initiation frame can include strength information about a second sensing signal. The second sensing signal can be received from the second responder STA.

The disclosed radar system may include a radar mechanism comprising a transmitter and at least one receiver. The radar system may also include a signal generator that generates a frequency-modulated radar signal. In addition, the radar system may include a delay mechanism that (1) receives the frequency-modulated radar signal from the signal generator and (2) after a certain period of delay, passes the frequency-modulated radar signal to the transmitter to be transmitted to a transponder located on a wearable artificial reality device. The radar system may also include a processing device that (1) receives the frequency-modulated radar signal from the signal generator, (2) detects a signal returned to the receiver from the transponder, and (3) calculates a distance between the transponder and the receiver based at least in part on an analysis of the signal returned from the transponder and the frequency-modulated radar signal received from the signal generator.

A launch monitor for golf training includes both a continuous wave radar transmitter and a frequency modulated continuous wave radar transmitter. A first set of golf ball trajectory parameters are estimated with the continuous wave radar transmitter and a second, different set of golf ball trajectory parameters are estimated with the frequency modulated continuous wave radar transmitter. The array of transmitters and receivers may be non-uniform.

A launch monitor for golf training includes both a continuous wave radar transmitter and a frequency modulated continuous wave radar transmitter. A first set of golf ball trajectory parameters are estimated with the continuous wave radar transmitter and a second, different set of golf ball trajectory parameters are estimated with the frequency modulated continuous wave radar transmitter. The array of transmitters and receivers may be non-uniform.

A frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar system is presented. The FMCW radar system includes a receiver configured to receive a radar reflection signal. The radar system further includes an interference detection module, which is configured to identify a portion of the radar reflection signal corresponding to the time period during which the radar reflection signal exceeds a threshold. The FMCW radar system further includes a hysteresis module configured to adjust the identified portion of the radar reflection signal based on the portion of the signal and a hysteresis configuration. The FMCW radar system further includes a mitigation module configured to mitigate interference based on the output of the hysteresis module.

A frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar system is presented. The FMCW radar system includes a receiver configured to receive a radar reflection signal. The radar system further includes an interference detection module, which is configured to identify a portion of the radar reflection signal corresponding to the time period during which the radar reflection signal exceeds a threshold. The FMCW radar system further includes a hysteresis module configured to adjust the identified portion of the radar reflection signal based on the portion of the signal and a hysteresis configuration. The FMCW radar system further includes a mitigation module configured to mitigate interference based on the output of the hysteresis module.

A localization method for locating a target that is coupled with a locator transponder associated with a permanent identification code permanently assigned to the locator transponder is provided. The localization method includes: a) transmitting a spread spectrum paging signal carrying the permanent identification code and a shorter temporary identification code temporarily assigned to the locator transponder; b) receiving the spread spectrum paging signal and extracting the temporary identification code carried by the received spread spectrum paging signal; c) transmitting radar signals towards area(s) of earth's surface or sky and receiving echo signals therefrom; d) upon reception by the locator transponder of radar signal(s), generating and transmitting a sequence of watermarked radar echo signals in which a spread spectrum watermarking signal is embedded that includes the temporary identification code; e) carrying out localization operations; f) transmitting frequency-synchronization-aid signal(s); g) receiving the frequency-synchronization-aid signal(s) and estimating a frequency drift affecting a reference frequency provided by a local oscillator of the locator transponder; wherein the locator transponder transmits the sequence of watermarked radar echo signals by using a transmission carrier frequency obtained based on the reference frequency provided by the local oscillator and on the estimated frequency drift.