A measuring tool (1) for measuring a delivered dose of radiation emitted by at least one electron beam emitter (2a-b) in an irradiation area (2) used to sterilise packaging material to be later formed into a package is provided. The measuring tool (1) comprises: at least one transducer (3) configured to convert a characteristic of the delivered dose of radiation to another characteristic; a frame (5) configured to hold the at least one transducer (3) and insert the at least one transducer (3) into the irradiation area (2); and at least one connector (7) configured to allow signal transfer from the at least one transducer (3) to a read-out system (9) remote of the irradiation area (2). Use of said tool and a method for calibrating a radiation dose emitted by at least one electron beam emitter (2a-b) in an irradiation area (2) used to sterilise packaging material to be later formed into a package are also provided.

In one aspect, radiation dosimeters are described herein comprising organic field effect transistors. Briefly, a radiation dosimeter comprises an organic field effect transistor having composition and/or electronic structure exhibiting a shift in threshold voltage as a function of radiation dose.

A method for radiation dosage measurement includes: (1) exposing a plurality of single-poly floating gate sensor cells to radiation; (2) measuring threshold voltage differences between logical pairs of the exposed sensor cells using differential read operations, wherein the sensor cells of each logical pair are separated by a distance large enough that radiation impinging on one of the sensor cells does not influence the other sensor cell; (3) determining whether each logical pair of exposed sensor cells is influenced by exposure to the radiation in response to the corresponding measured threshold voltage difference; and (4) determining a dosage of the radiation in response to the number of logical pairs of the exposed sensor cells determined to be influenced by exposure to the radiation. A non-radiation influenced threshold voltage shift may be measured and used in determining whether each logical pair of exposed sensor cells is influenced by radiation exposure.

A radiation imaging apparatus includes a detection unit that detects radiation applied by a radiation generating apparatus, an automatic exposure control unit that determines whether to stop application of radiation based on an accumulated dose of the detected radiation and to notify the radiation generating apparatus of an instruction to stop the application of radiation in a case where it is determined to stop the application of radiation, a plurality of memories, and a memory control unit that stores, in a first memory from among the plurality of memories, data to be used when the automatic exposure control unit makes the determination.

Provided is a radiation detector including a radiation detecting unit, a gate module controlling a gate line, a readout module reading out charges stored in an exposure detection pixel determined by a data line and the gate line, and an auto exposure detecting unit determining whether the radiation detecting unit is exposed to a radiation.

This dosimeter comprises: a transducer material capable, when it is excited by a secondary ionizing radiation, of generating photons or electric charges, an amplifying layer capable, in response to its excitation by the primary ionizing radiation, of generating the secondary ionizing radiation.

This amplifying layer comprises a first and a second amplifying sublayer stacked on top of one another. The first and the second amplifying sublayers are composed of at least 70%, by weight, respectively, of at least one first and one second material, the atomic numbers of which are greater than or equal to 29. The atomic number of the first material being less than the atomic number of the second material. The first sublayer is interposed between the second sublayer and the transducer material.

Provided are a radiation detector and a radiation detection apparatus in which the efficiency of detecting radiation is enhanced by increasing a portion capable of detecting radiation. A radiation detector includes a semiconductor part having a plate-like shape, the semiconductor part being provided with a through hole penetrating the semiconductor part, one surface of the semiconductor part being an incident surface for radiation. The semiconductor part has a sensitive portion capable of detecting incident radiation, the sensitive portion including an inner edge of the incident surface.

A method of determining the energy level of an electromagnetic field (EMF) received from an EMF source (EMFS) and for identifying the EMFS is provided, the method using a plurality of EMF sensing apparatuses to combine data gathered by the apparatuses in order to identify the level and the sources of the EMF at locations over time. Historical and anticipated EMF-related data is used to warn a user of EMF levels above a preset value. Past, current and future anticipated EMF levels are adapted to be displayed on a map. Methods thereof, apparatuses thereof and computer-readable mediums storing the methods are within the scope of the present invention.

Techniques are disclosed for systems and methods to provide a radiation detector module for a radiation detector. A radiation detector module includes a metallic and/or metalized enclosure, a radiation sensor disposed within the enclosure, readout electronics configured to provide radiation detection event signals corresponding to incident ionizing radiation in the radiation sensor, and a cap including an internal interface configured to couple to the readout electronics and an external interface configured to couple to a radiation detector, where the cap is configured to hermetically seal the radiation sensor within the enclosure. The cap may be implemented as an edge plated printed circuit board (PCB) including a slot configured to mate with a planar edge of an open surface of the enclosure, where the slot is soldered to the planar edge of the enclosure to hermetically seal the radiation sensor within the enclosure.

A method for radiation dosage measurement includes: (1) exposing a plurality of single-poly floating gate sensor cells to radiation; (2) measuring threshold voltage differences between logical pairs of the exposed sensor cells using differential read operations, wherein the sensor cells of each logical pair are separated by a distance large enough that radiation impinging on one of the sensor cells does not influence the other sensor cell; (3) determining whether each logical pair of exposed sensor cells is influenced by exposure to the radiation in response to the corresponding measured threshold voltage difference; and (4) determining a dosage of the radiation in response to the number of logical pairs of the exposed sensor cells determined to be influenced by exposure to the radiation. A non-radiation influenced threshold voltage shift may be measured and used in determining whether each logical pair of exposed sensor cells is influenced by radiation exposure.