A gel dosimeter for radiation dosimetry includes a radically polymerizable monomer, a gelator, glucose, and glucose oxidase. Although a conventional polymer gel dosimeter contains a deoxygenating agent such as tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride, such a deoxygenating agent fails to exhibit sufficient effects. Thus, a more effective deoxygenation treatment technique has been required for a gel dosimeter.

Compositions, devices, and methods for determining ionizing radiation are generally described.

Compositions, devices, and methods for determining ionizing radiation are generally described.

Derivatized malachite green leuco dyes for use in radio-chromic systems are described. The dyes have the following structure:

##STR00001##

in which Ar is a substituted phenyl or thiophene ring in which at least one substitution of the Ar ring is not ortho to the bond between the ring and the linking carbon, and in which R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 are independently selected from methyl, alkyl, or alkyl halide. The systems include the dyes in conjunction with an activator, e.g., a halogenated activator, and a carrier, e.g., a fluid carrier or an encapsulating polymeric matrix.

Disclosed is a device for measuring radiation doses absorbed by a gel dosimeter, including in particular a polarizer for a light beam according to at least two distinct polarization angles, the polarizer being positioned between a light source and an optical detector, a unit for measuring the value of the intensity of the light beam, which intensity is measured by the optical detector, and a unit for calculating the value of a ratio of intensities of the light beam, which intensities are measured by the optical detector, for two distinct polarization angles of the light beam that is selected by the polarizer.

Disclosed is a device for measuring radiation doses absorbed by a gel dosimeter, including in particular a polarizer for a light beam according to at least two distinct polarization angles, the polarizer being positioned between a light source and an optical detector, a unit for measuring the value of the intensity of the light beam, which intensity is measured by the optical detector, and a unit for calculating the value of a ratio of intensities of the light beam, which intensities are measured by the optical detector, for two distinct polarization angles of the light beam that is selected by the polarizer.

A wearable UV indicator, methods of making and using same. The indicator includes a polymeric film substrate having a first side and a second side, an adhesive disposed on the first side of the substrate, and a readily understood user interface disposed on the second side of the substrate, wherein the user interface comprises a qualitative indicator of instantaneous intensity of solar ultraviolet irradiation and a qualitative indicator of accumulated exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation.

A carbonated hydroxyapatite cement (CHC) precursor composition for an electron paramagnetic resonance dosimeter includes a cement powder and a cement liquid in a powder/liquid ration of 0.5 to 5. The includes one or more phosphate compounds selected from a group of monocalcium phosphate anhydrous, monocalcium phosphate monohydrate, dicalcium phosphate anhydrous, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, amorphous calcium phosphate, -tricalcium phosphate, -tricalcium phosphate, and tetracalcium phosphate. The cement liquid is an aqueous phosphate solution having a total phosphate concentration in a range of 0.005 to 2.4 moles per liter (mol/L).

A carbonated hydroxyapatite cement (CHC) precursor composition for an electron paramagnetic resonance dosimeter includes a cement powder and a cement liquid in a powder/liquid ration of 0.5 to 5. The includes one or more phosphate compounds selected from a group of monocalcium phosphate anhydrous, monocalcium phosphate monohydrate, dicalcium phosphate anhydrous, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, amorphous calcium phosphate, -tricalcium phosphate, -tricalcium phosphate, and tetracalcium phosphate. The cement liquid is an aqueous phosphate solution having a total phosphate concentration in a range of 0.005 to 2.4 moles per liter (mol/L).

An X-ray backscatter indication and detection system, including an object disposed with respect to a target area targeted by X-rays, such that X-rays that backscatter from the target area strike the surface of the object. The surface of the object includes an X-ray sensitive indicator substance that fluoresces with a visible light when contacted by backscattered X-rays.