The invention detects massive particles, which are invisible to contemporary particle detectors employing electro-magnetic sensors. The apparatus contains a mechanical sensor detecting massive particles via their influence on mechanical motion of sensor constituent atoms causing changes in sensor characteristics. The apparatus may include said sensor made of crystal or condensed-matter attached as a bob at the end of a pendulum that starts swinging when massive particles hit it. The star-source emitting massive particles is located by finding a space direction from which the particles arrive and produce the changes in said sensor position and physical characteristics. Energy is harvested by using changes in sensor energetic characteristics including mechanical motion, electromagnetic potential, thermal or other reactions. The invented sensor has directly detected massive particles from the Sun, central region of our Galaxy, and the star Deneb. The average mass-energy of solar massive particles is 3.1.sub.1.sup.+1.210.sup.15 eV and mass-energy density near Earth 0.78 GeV/cm.sup.3.

A radiation detection device includes a non-volatile memory chip including a plurality of stacked memory cells, and a controller configured to detect gamma rays incident on the non-volatile memory chip during a gamma ray detection window according to a data inversion or a threshold voltage change of at least some of the memory cells in the non-volatile memory chip during the gamma ray detection window.

Epoxy-based inline infrared (IR) filter assembly, and manufacture and use of the same. Co-axial infrared filter assemblies comprise a substantially cylindrical filter body forming a central cavity characterized by opposing holes at each end. The filter body forms an outer conductor, and SMA connectors coupled to the opposing holes at each end of the body are electrically coupled to form an inner conductor positioned along a long axis of the filter body. An infrared absorbing material (such as castable epoxy resin) fills the central cavity of the filter body. Methods for producing the co-axial infrared filter include pressing SMA connectors into the respective ends of the filter body, electrically coupling the SMA connectors, and filling the filter body with epoxy. Electronic systems for operating a dark matter detector include a feedline comprising a coaxial filter configured to advantageously block infrared noise.

In order to improve both spatial resolution and sensitivity for brain research and clinical activity, we have designed a combined PET/MRI insert for brain scanning, referred to herein as a BrainPET insert that can be fit onto and into a suitable MRI system. The BrainPET Insert comprises, in order, a receive (Rx) coil positioned within and adjacent to a transmit (Tx) coil and a PET ring, wherein both the Rx coil and the Tx coil are within the PET ring.

The invention relates to a combined detector (660) comprising a gamma radiation detector (100) and an X-ray radiation detector (661). The gamma radiation detector (100) comprises a gamma scintillator array (101.sub.x, y), an optical modulator (102) and a first photodetector array (103.sub.a, b) for detecting the first scintillation light generated by the gamma scintillator array (101.sub.x, y). The optical modulator (102) is disposed between the gamma scintillator array (101.sub.x, y) and the first photodetector array (103.sub.a, b) for modulating a transmission of the first scintillation light between the gamma scintillator array (101.sub.x, y) and the first photodetector array (103.sub.a, b). The optical modulator (102) comprises at least one optical modulator pixel having a cross sectional area (102) in a plane that is perpendicular to the gamma radiation receiving direction (104). The cross sectional area of each optical modulator pixel (102) is greater than or equal to the cross sectional area of each photodetector pixel (103.sub.a, b).

A radiation detector and detection method comprising one or more antineutrino capture sections having a plurality of cells. The cells including hydrogen, act as scintillators and contain a wavelength shifter. Also included are a plurality of neutron capture layers containing a neutron capture agent. The cells are disposed between said neutron capture layers. The layers act as scintillators to convert the radiation emission of a neutron capture to light for transmission to at least one of the cells and the cells and layers have different scintillation time constants.

An electrostatic analyzer includes a cylindrical body having an inner cylinder and an outer cylinder that are coaxial with one another along a longitudinal axis of the cylindrical body. An inner cylindrical electrode is positioned on an exterior face of the inner cylinder. An outer cylindrical electrode is positioned on an interior face of the outer cylinder. A first azimuthal electrode positioned on a face of a first azimuthal plane that passes through the longitudinal axis. A second azimuthal electrode is positioned on a face of a second azimuthal plane that passes through the longitudinal axis. A first end electrode is positioned on a first end face of the cylindrical body. A second end electrode is positioned on a second end face of the cylindrical body.

Disclosed are a scintillator using semiconductor quantum dots, a method of manufacturing the scintillator, and a digital image diagnostic system employing the scintillator. In one aspect, the scintillator includes a metallic reflection film made of a metal configured to transmit an X-ray and reflecting visible light and having a plurality of voids formed in a thickness direction. The scintillator also includes a polymer film formed inside the plurality of voids and being configured to include a plurality of columnar structures to convert the X-ray into the visible light. The scintillator further includes semiconductor quantum dots dispersed in the polymer film and having a decay time of tens of nanoseconds.

A radiation detector and detection method comprising one or more antineutrino capture sections having a plurality of cells. The cells including hydrogen, act as scintillators and contain a wavelength shifter. Also included are a plurality of neutron capture layers containing a neutron capture agent. The cells are disposed between said neutron capture layers. The layers act as scintillators to convert the radiation emission of a neutron capture to light for transmission to at least one of the cells and the cells and layers have different scintillation time constants.

An apparatus (7) for detecting radiation, preferably x-ray radiation, the apparatus comprising at least one detector element (11) which comprises an absorber element (1) for the radiation and a nanowire (2) made of a superconducting material in thermally conducting communication with the absorber element (1), wherein cooling means (34) are provided in order to cool the absorber element (1) and the nanowire (2) to a temperature in the range of the transition temperature of the nanowire (2) in an operating state of the apparatus (7) and wherein an evaluation and control unit (6) is provided to determine whether the nanowire (2) is in a superconducting state or not. According to the invention it is provided that at least one heating means (8) which can be controlled by means of the evaluation and control unit (6) is provided in order to be able to supply a thermal energy pulse to the absorber element (1), wherein the evaluation and control unit (6) is designed to continuously supply energy pulses to the absorber element (1) in the operating state of the apparatus (7) as long as the nanowire (2) is in the superconducting state.